1691 - 1692 AD 

                                                                                                                                                           "The Violated Treaty of Limerick," 

1691 AD May: Louis XIV, the French Sun King, sent over another of his Generals St. Ruth, to Ireland, who was to be in command of James 11's Royalist troops only, and he brought with him arms, supplies and money, but no troops, and to make matters worse he did not hit it off with either, Richard Talbot the Earl of Tyrconnell, who was James 11's Lord Lieutenant in Ireland, or Patrick Sarsfield, who was now a very popular non - Catholic commander among the Irish forces, as Richard Talbot wanted to try and hold their position in the City of Limerick in Co. Limerick in the mid - north - west of the Munster Province on the eastern side of the River Shannon. Instead St. Ruth had decided to make a stand against the Williamite forces at the River Shannon crossing, situated further north near Ballinasloe in Co. Galway in Southern Connacht, in a further attempt to also protect the City of Galway.

June 30th: The Williamite forces, now under the command of the Dutch General de Ginkel, had already managed to take the town of Athlone in Co. Westmeath, on the eastern side of the River Shannon, in the south - west of Northern Leinster, which had been previously defended by St. Ruth also, and this then gave the Williamite forces access to the west of Ireland, and they subsequently crossed over the River Shannon into the Connacht Province also. 

    James 11's Royalist Irish forces held the Tralee Castle of the Fitz Gerald Desmonds and the town of Tralee itself in Co. Kerry in the south - west of the Munster Province, but they were now forced to retreat and burn both, when the Williamite forces also besieged the town there situated on the eastern side of the River Shannon. 

July 12th: With the loss of Athlone in Co. Westmeath to the Williamite Dutch General de Ginkell, St. Ruth acting as the overall Royalist commander for James 11, withdrew to the heights of Kilcommodan Hill, to the south of Aughrim in Co. Galway in Southern Connacht, on the western side of the River Shannon. where there was a bog stretching for a mile in front, and where there were only two approaches available to carry out an attack against his Royalist forces, with one off to the right near the hills of Urachree, and one off to the left that went through a narrow causeway, which was defended by a castle that was situated there. De Ginkel, the Williamite Dutch General had around 18,000 men, and St. Ruth a few thousand more then that, but Fate would have it that during the battle St. Ruth was to be struck by a cannon ball, which completely took off his head. (In 1960 a Cross would be erected there in Aughrim, to commemorate all those who fell there during this particular battle.)

      William of Orange himself, was attempting to personally capture the City of Limerick that was situated further to the south, and below the Connacht Province, on the east bank of the River Shannon in the mid - northe - west of the Munster Province, while waiting for his artillery to follow him down to there from out of the town of Cashel situated in Co. Tipperary in the north - east of Munster and also the arrival of more arms, that were being forwarded to him from the City of Waterford in Co. Waterford situated in the south - east of Munster, but they could not get through.

 July 21st: The City of Galway in Co. Galway in Southern Connacht, had by now surrendered to the Williamite Dutch General de Ginkel, and all of the hopes of James 11's forces now lay directly further to the south with the defence of the City of Limerick in Co. Limerick in the mid - north - west of the Munster Province situated on the eastern side of the River Shannon, as this was to be their only chance now of sustaining the fight in Ireland against the Williamite forces. Lauzun, who was another French General, was to eventually arrive into Ireland to replace the recently deceased St. Ruth, and he too was given command of the James 11 's Royalist forces, but he also considered that it was not a proposition to try and defend Limerick, and he headed north to Co. Galway to take de Ginkel head on instead. He handed over the defence of Limerick to the Governor of Limerick and Patrick Sarsfield the Royalist Irish commander who had arrived back into Limerick with 20,000 Kerns / foot soldiers and 3,500 Marchi / Horsemen. (Patrick's mother was a daughter of Rory O More the Gaelic Milesian Irian Chieftain from Co. Laois in the mid - north - west of Southern Leinster, who was also the commander of the Royalist Irish troops in England.) Eventually the French General, Lauzan, was to be recalled back to France by Louis XIV the French Sun KIng together with his French troops. (After the City of Galway was to be besieged by the Williamite Dutch General de Ginkel, this once great City was to go into decline.)

    The Portumna Castle in Co. Galway in Southern Connacht, that had been constructed by the Anglo - Irish Burkes, was still under the control of Burke the Earl of Clann Rickarde, and it stood up to the siege of the Williamite forces, while the Heberian Cianachta O Garas of Coolavin in Co. Sligo in the north - west of the Connacht Province, who also supported James 11 there, were to see all of their territry there also confiscated and eventually go into exile.

 August 3rd - 13th: Patrick Sarsfield, the Royalist Irish commander for James 11, was to be totally involved in defending the City of Limerick in Co. Limerick in the mid - north - west of the Munster Province, situated on the eastern side of the River Shannon adjacent to Co. Clare, against the Williamite forces second siege of the City and he received vital information from a French Huguenot, that the Williamite forces were expecting a siege train, that would be soon arriving into Co. Limerick, with further Military armaments to be used against the defenders in the City. With 500 - 600 of his cavalry / marchi he crossed over the River Shannon into the west into Co. Clare, and headed north - east until they all came to Keeper's Hill, and with Galloping O Hogan guiding them on through the dark, they then crossed over the River Shannon again to the east near Killaloe, and into Co. Tipperary to once again go on down the eastern side of the River Shannon to Ballyneety, near Oola 17 miles to the north of Limerick City. Along the way they had discovered that the Williamite forces were using his name "Sarsfield" as their password, and they utilized this to their own advantage and successfully detonated the Military supply train waiting there with the Wiliamite supplies. (Nearby to Ballyneety are the ruins of Castle Otway where the Heberian Dal gCais Ui Bloid Ui Turlough O Kennedy's originally had their castle, and where previously in 1684 AD John Otway had been granted the new English confiscated Estate of Templederry, and where in 1798 AD they were to raise their own yeomanry in their small family church.) (Galloping O Hogan's relations still reside in the area today.) After blowing up the Williamite siege train, Patrick Sarsfield and his men were to cross the River Shannon again to the west at Banagher, and return down to Limerick City to continue on with their mission to defend it against the Williamite forces.

August: William of Orange decided to hand over the total command of his Williamite forces to his Dutch General de Ginkel, and he then left to return to England, leaving the City of Cork and the town of Kinsale in Co. Cork in Southern Munster as the only other areas east of the River Shannon still under the control of James 11's Royalist Irish forces, but both of these towns were to be eventually taken over also in the coming Autumn by the previous survivor and defector, John Churchill who had previously been one of James 11's English Generals, (He would later be rewarded for his defection becoming the English Duke of Marlborough, and receive the great Estate of Blenheim, and become the ancestor of Winston Churchill the future Prime Minister of Britain in the 20th Century.

      The Williamite Dutch General De Ginkel was by now heading south also, after his victories at Aughrim and Galway in Co. Galway in the Connacht Province, and along the way he destroyed the O Brien Carrigogunnell Castle at Carrigaholt in Co. Limerick, and also the O Brien castle at Castleconnell there, and he then concentrated all of his Williamite forces on the siege of Limerick City, and had a Williamite fleet of ships on the River Shannon to deter the French from giving the Irish any further assistance. Richard Talbot the Earl of Tyrconnell who was James 11's overall Irish commander, died suddenly, under mysterious circumstances, and Patrick Sarsfield then took over his position as the new overall leader of the Royalist Irish forces in anticipation of continuing to defend the City of Limerick. 

September 2nd: The Williamite Dutch General De Ginkel attacked Limerick City with 10,000 of his Williamite forces, who were to push forward in 3 separate waves into a breach in the walls that had previously been created by his cannon, but every Irish man, woman and child in Limerick City fought them back, until 2,000 of the besieging Williamite forces were either dead or dying there and after these 3 concurrent attacks, and the fact that they had failed to take the City the Dutch General de Ginkel decided to cross over the River Shannon, to the north - west into Co. Clare, and began a further attack from across the Thomond Bridge, which he was able to secure. Rory O More who had been the acting Governor of Connacht had also previously defended Limerick, but the various other regions in the Munster Province had then surrendered to the defector, John Churchill, so Rory O More then engaged in dialogue with the williamite Dutch General de Ginkel, and as the Royalist Irish forces could see no sign of further relief coming, Patrick Sarsfield agreed to surrender up the City in what was to become known as the "Violated Treaty of Limerick" on the Thomond Bridge itself. 

October 3rd: The Ascendancy English Parliament's War on Ireland, on this particular occasion, was now officially at an end, but there were 2 sets of "Articles" now involved in the Treaty, which represented both the Military and the Civil Parts, with the Civil Part being known as the actual "Limerick Peace Treaty " and they were both signed on the Thomond - Limerick Bridge by the Williamite Dutch General de Ginkel and the Ascendancy English Parliament Lord Justices, and were later ratified by William of Orange and his wife, Mary Stuart, the Ascendancy Episcopalian reared daughter of James 11.

      The "Military Agreement" also made on the "Stone of the Violated Treaty," which still exists today, agreed to surrender up the City of Limerick, on condition that the prisoners from both sides were to be released, and that transport was to be given for the Royalist Irish troops to go into exile in France, which became known as the "Flight of the Wild Geese," when 11,000 Irish troops left to serve under Louis XIV the French Sun King with the first contingent made up of 5,000 men, who departed from Ireland on French ships, which were to arrive into Ireland only 2 days after the Limerick Treaty was signed. The other 6,000 men were "transported" by the English Ascendancy Government themselves, while 2,000 others retired from any further conflict, and 1,046 others joined up with the Williamite forces, whie 4 of the De Lacy brothers who were to go with Patrick Sarsfield to France became Field Marshalls there, as members of the Irish forces were secured for the French and Spanish forces in their Irish Brigades.

     The "Civil Agreement" guaranteed by the Ascendancy English authorities, that all of the Catholic Irish would be entitled to the same liberties as they had held under Charles 11, together with the same limited religious and legal tolerance, and there was to be no property confiscation or other repeat of Oliver Cromwell's harshness, but naturally these specific conditions were to be conveniently left out of the "Civil Agreement" during the ratification of the Treaty by the Ascendancy English Parliament.

      Although the French, had arrived 2 days after the signing of what was to become known as the "Violated Limerick Treaty," with a contingent of 3,000 troops and 10,000 arms, which had been a worry to the Willaimite Dutch General de Ginkel, as Patrick Sarsfield advised him that, "We have pledged our honour and the honour of Ireland," and he had then sent the French contingent back to France.

     The loss of so many of the committed Irish and their leaders was to once again remove the Irish fighting spirit and initiative for many years to come, so as to be there still to correct the never - ending ethnic and religious oppression and ongoing confiscations that still lay ahead in Ireland, but it would have been an end to it all if the Ascendancy English Parliament had carried out their promises agreed to under the original "Treaty of Limerick"but true to their usual promises, they were to once again renege, and allowed the persecution and repression of the Irish population to continue on. The Ascendancy in Ireland was also to make one further mistake, as the controlling merchants in the Ascendancy English Parliament, with their own personal economic agendas, continued to play on their inherent prejudices and especially their "siege mentalities" that were so entrenched in those who were now in authority in the Dublin Castle in Ireland, backed up at all times by English Militia, who now once again totally controlled the lives of all of the Irish people, and nearly all of their confiscated territories. Later on when the merchants in the English Ascendancy Parliament felt that they were totally in control, they were to also increase their Commercial repression further on the whole Irish population, regardless of whether they were Catholic, Church of England / Ireland, Presbyterians or Dissenters (non - Conformists). From this year until 1845 AD, there was to be total Church of England Ascendancy control in England, and those among the Ascendancy in Ireland, although they were always sill to be the "minority", would continue to make life unbearable for the Irish Catholic "majority" at every opportunity to safeguard their Imperial position and hold on to their confiscated properties. The  Ascendancy English Parliament were to continur to make full use of their engrained prejudices, individual agendas and their "siege mentalities" for their own economical advantage also, to control the Ascendancy Anglo Parliament in Ireland they were to set up, and especially also those of the Lowland Presbyterians in the Ulster Province, to further control the Irish population for their own British Imperial never - ending greed. They first began by bringing in their Popery Code, which was in reality only more Irish Penal Laws, "To prevent the growth of Catholics," and also violated the "Civil Articles of Limerick" previously agreed upon, in further attempts to degrade the rights of the "majority" Catholic Irish further, while at the same time they also introduced an Act containing a "Sacramental Test," which ensured not only Catholics, but all non - Conformists (Dissenters) in Ireland, including the Presbyterians in Ulster, were now also to be at their total mercy.

      Among the destruction that was carried out in the Ulster Province at this time was the Augher Castle in Co. Tyrone in Central Ulster, which was burnt down, as was the Cistercian Abbey at Dromore, while the Athlumney Castle at Navan in Co. Meath in the south - east of Northern Leinster was also burnt by Sir Launcelot Dowdall to stop his "enemies" from occupying it.

     From this date until the year 1715 AD there were to be another 50,000 Lowland Presbyterian families arriving into Ulster Province, who because of their religion also were to also be included in the denial of any Civil Rights, as they too were to be made subject to the antipathy of those in authority from the Ascendancy Church of England / Ireland adherents, who though always in the "minority," were now totally in control of Ireland, backed up by the Ascendancy English Parliament and their Military Militias.

    The Catholic Irish in he Ulster Province, from now on, had hardly any land left to them at all to "survive" on, and it was also at this time that the Anglo - Irish confiscated Estates of the Gernons / Gearnun / Garland / Mac Gartlan in Co. Monaghan in Southern Ulster, which had originally been granted to Roger de Gernon, who was initially with Strongbow 11 during the Anglo - Norman incursions in 1170 AD, were given over to the English Bellinghams. 

     Land confiscation in Ireland began once again, as the new English Irish Penal Laws were introduced, and under their Banishment Act all of the Catholic Irish Bishops and clergy were once again banned from Ireland, but despite this edict 1,000 still remained regardless of the consequences, with no intermarriage now allowed between Irish Catholics and Ascendancy Episcopalians or any other Dissenters (non - Conformists), which was to also legally under English Law bring about their disinheritance, while Irish Catholics were also forbidden to buy or rent any land at all in Ireland. As to the economics in Ireland, heavy taxes were also placed on Irish silver, glass, furniture and hops, while all goods to and from England were to be carried only by English ships, and Irish ships were forbidden from trading with any Colonial ports, and all of the present Catholic Irish landholders, who still if they had any land left at all, were made to divide their land between all their sons, and if the eldest son or any younger son joined the Ascendancy Church of England / Ireland, he was to take over the whole of the land immediately, and the majority in Ireland under English Law once again became the "desperate majority. "

    Catholic Seminaries were now to be set up at Louvain, Douai, Palamanca, Rome and elsewhere to continue the Irish Catholic education for the young Irish priests who were to be educated mainly in the 18th Century AD. 

December: Rory O More the Gaelic Milesian Irian Chief from Co. Offaly in the mid - north - west of Southern Leinster, also left for France were he was to be eventually killed at the "Battle of Landen."

     All of the intermediate Irish leaders were now also gone, and by English Law none of the Catholic Irish was ever to be represented or sit in the Ascendancy Anglo Parliament in Ireland, which meant that 75 % of the population was to have no representation at all in Ireland, with all of their natural liberties also taken away, and these new English Irish Penal Laws were also to have an effect on the newly introduced 14 % of non - Catholic "planters," who they were now to also introduce into Ireland, as they too were soon to begin to feel the thrust of the ongoing "economic oppression" by the "merchants" in the English Ascendancy Parliament on their lives and that of their families. 

    From the "Battle of the Boyne" in Ireland until the "Battle at Fontenoy" in 1745 AD in France, close to 450,000 Irishmen were to die fighting in France, who were in reality trying to obtain "Freedom for Ireland" in the only way they knew how and during the 18th Century AD the Irish were to continue to go to Europe, with 5 Regiments existing in Spain, and 26,000 in the Irish Brigades in France.

     Robert Boyle, who was born in the Munster Province in 1627 AD, who was the seventh son of Richard Boyle the English first Earl of Cork, who had invented an air pump and carried out experiments with electricity and had been one of the founders of the Royal Society, died.       

      After the "Violated Treaty of Limerick," there was to be still the odd "Irish Rebel," who did what they could to "sustain the rage" against the continuing Ascendancy's ethnic and sectarian oppression, such as Edward Ryan (Ned the Head) who was from Upperchurch in Co. Tipperary in the north - east of the Munster Province, who became an "outlaw" in the territory there, robbing the rich to aid the poor, until a sizeable reward was put on his head and he was captured and beheaded, although a pardon was then on the way for him.

1692 AD More Irishmen left for France, Spain and other European Countries, where they all became part of the "The Wild Geese," who in their own way were doing their bit to create pressure on English Imperialism elsewhere in exile, to try and also bring about Irish Freedom.

      William of Orange and his wife Mary Stuart, were in reality actually always under the control of the "merchants" in the Ascendancy English Parliament, and even though the English had reneged on their "Violated Treaty Of Limeick" with the Irish, it had bought them no great commercial gain in the long run, as they further tried to disadvantage the general population of Ireland in any way that they could for their own economic advantage, and they were now to certainly impoverish the whole of the Irish population, whether they were Ascendancy Episcopalian, Presbyterian, Dissenters or Catholic, but they were to carry it out so badly that those in control in England would no longer be getting back there own expenses from Ireland. They introduced further new English Laws into Ireland, where all of the great Oak Forests were to be cut down and sold, and the forests in Co. Kerry in the south - west of the Munster Province were to be wasted away until the last wood was taken from there to smelt iron for English purposes.

       The Irish during this period were still holding onto 20% of their land, while the 80% confiscated already, was held by non - Catholic Gentry and the "foreign planters," of which 40%  of it up until this time had been granted by either Oliver Cromwell or William of Orange and to add to this they "outlawed" another 4,000 Irishmen and confiscated another 1,500,000 acres, while endeavouring to force the Ascendancy Church of England / Ireland onto the general population in Ireland.

       During this period many more of the "O's and Macs" were also dropped from their Irish names, as the Irish population tried to conform to English Law  and also the" imposed" Ascendancy Episcopalian religion just to survive, and also to try to obtain employment, and pay the "imposed" Tithes to the Church of England / Ireland.

    The "Act" against the Catholic Irish, that had been passed in 1691 AD was now brought in, which required the members of the Ascendancy Anglo Parliament, in both houses in Ireland to openly declare against certain Catholic Irish doctrines.

    Lord Sydney was sent over to be the new appointed English Lord Lieutenant in Ireland.

September: The Bill to confirm the Articles in the "Violated Treaty of Limerick" was abandoned, with the intention of disarming the Catholic Irish and prevent them from joining the English Militia.

November 2nd: Lord Sydney the English appointed Lord - Deputy in Ireland soon showed the overall future attitude of the English Ascendancy Parliament towards the Anglo Ascendancy Parliament in Ireland, when he brought their parliament to an end, because they would not consider his Money Bill, and he then also prorogued any further parliaments in Ireland in the future.

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