1791 - 1792 AD

                                                                                                                                  United Irishmen Society - American and French Republics 

1791 AD The population in Ireland by now had grown to 4,750,000 people with the exports of butter, pork, and bacon up, and there was now also a greater trade in the export of live cattle.   

   Daniel O Connell from Co. Kerry in the south - west of the Munster Province, who would become known in the future as "The Liberator," was at this time, sent overseas to be educated at an English teaching school at St. Omer in France.

   Up until this year, 500,000 Irishmen had gone off to fight for the French in the continuing Wars against British Imperialism since the complete domination and takeover in Ireland by the English Ascendancy a hundred years before after the William of Orange Invasion in 1691 AD, and this was to mean a better deal in the future for the Irish Cathoiics who were still hanging in there as the "majority" in Ireland.

    The British Imperial Tory Ascendancy Conservative Government now needed the support of the Irish Catholics, and to this end William Pitt - the Younger, the British Prime Minister, knew he would have to possibly eventually give the Irish Catholics further rights including the right to vote / Catholic Emancipation so he "repealed" the previous British legislation based on the anti - Catholic Irish Penal Laws while he was trying to gain national "unity" among all of the people who were now under his control, to face the imminent danger from the results of the "American Revolution," and also especially the "French Revolution." The cry that was now out for Liberty, Freedom of Expression and Justice for all Men, could mean the end of all of the Monarchists in Europe, and the beginning of true Democracy"" for all citizens / common man throughout Europe, but despite this immediate danger that was now threatening the Ascendancy's overall total control over the populations, as Conservative Monarchists, he still did not force John "Black Jack" Fitz Gibbon the hard - line anti - Catholic, who controlled the Ascendancy in Ireland for him, to carry them out. "Black Jack" Fitz Gibbon was well aware that he might lose the right to all of the "land" he now held in Ireland if the "majority" Catholic Irish received their "just rights" in a democratic system, under British Common Law, as all of their confiscated land, just  like their liberties, had been "forcibly" taken from them and he was now to make doubly sure that the Ascendancy Anglo Parliament in Ireland, who were once again under the total control of the British Imperial Tory Government's authorities in the Dublin Castle (The Devil's 1/2 Acre) continued to "refuse" to allow any Catholic Emancipation in Ireland. This continuing "sectarian" action, once again, was to begin another Irish Rebellion in defiance of Fitz Gibbon especially, among the younger well educated Presbyterians in the Ulster Province who by now had been well and truly inspired by the results of the "French Revolution," which went against the previous stranglehold of the various populations by the Conservative Monarchists and English "merchants," as it had put forward a much fairer belief of the basic rights of the "Common Man" to Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. Because of the ongoing Ascendancy prejudice in Ireland, and the encouraged perceived "siege mentality" of those in authority there, who were always backed up by their British Imperial Militias, these forward looking educated young Presbyterians were to be eventually joined by the Catholic Irish, who were even "more desperate" for their human rights then they were. 

October: Theobold Wolfe Tone the French Huguenot lawyer, who was descended from an Oliver Cromwell soldier, had formed the United Irishmen Society in Belfast in Co. Antrim in the Ulster Province, which was based on those French revolutionary principles of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, and he put forward, "An argument on behalf of the Irish Catholics in Ireland," calling for, "Reform" of the representation of the people in the Ascendancy Anglo Parliament  in Ireland, including every "religious persuasion." It was his intention to get the British Imperial Government's stranglehold over Ireland finally brought to an "end," and get them out of Ireland once and for all, and towards this end he was to make connections with the Democrats in England who were seeking the same goals there, and also the "French Convention" rulers as he was of the opinion that, " There was a need to "subvert the tyranny" of the continuing Monarchist Ascendancy Conservative Government's control in Ireland and break their connection with England," as they were the never ending source of all "political evils," as Independence for Ireland, must be asserted."

     William Drennan, who was a young Presbyterian, who had been educated in Glasgow and Edinburgh, wrote out the original prospectus for the foundation of the United Irishmen Society, as he too wanted to, "Unite the non - Catholics and the Irish Catholics and to achieve change in Ireland with a "democratic" Irish Parliament with full human rights for "all of its citizens," regardless of their religion, and to bring to an end the British Imperial Government's domination" and as a result of his outlook, he too was to be subsequently "arrested and tried for Sedition," but was acquitted, and was then moved to state that, "Irish Catholic approachment is churlish soil, but it is the soil of Ireland and must be cultivated, or we must emigrate." (He was also the first to use the phrase "The Emerald Isle.") Simon Butler was to be the first Chairman of the United Irishmen Society and Henry Joy Mac Cracken was another of their members, who was of French Huguenot descent, while another of their committed members was Archibald Hamilton Rowan. They also began their own radical newspaper, known as the "Northern Star," which not only advocated an Irish Nation that was based on no religious difference, but they also wanted to revive and perpetuate the ancient music and poetry of Ireland, and within a month together with James "Napper" Tandy an Irish Catholic leader, and Thomas Russell, they founded a second branch of the United Irishmen Society in the south of Ireland in Dublin, and many similar Societies were then set up throughout Ireland, as the co - operation between the Irish Catholics and non - Catholics in Ireland now became even stronger with a "common purpose."        

     Many of the Catholic Irish, in the mean time in desperation of ever obtaining any "democratic rights" at all, had also set up a Catholic secret society known as "St. Pat's Boys, " with its purpose also to remove the British Imperial Ascendancy Conservative authority over Ireland, along with their continual ongoing oppression and it was to be composed of 40 members altogether in each of the individual areas, under a leader known as a Group Master, who were to have 3 Deputies in each of these groups, who all had 12 members under their particular control.   

     The "Catholic Committee," which had also been formed previously by the Irish Nobles and Gentry to bring forward Irish Catholic "political democratic common rights" in Ireland, was at this same time taken over by those who were for a more "democratic way of life" also for the whole of the population in Ireland.

     At this time Fireball Mac Namara from Moyriesk House in Clooney - Quin in Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province was well known throughout Ireland for his personal attachment to "duelling", and because of this his son, John  "The Soft" Mac Namara was also provoked into a duel with Edmond O Callaghan of Kilgorley who was killed in the ensuing conflict, which brought to an end the Heberian Eoghanacht Chaisil O Callaghan male line there whose family had been "transplanted" from Southern Munster to Co. Clare originally under the previous decree of Oliver Cromwell of "To Hell or Connacht."    

      This year also the magnificent Customs House on the River Liffey in Dublin, which was another fine building designed and built by James Gandon, was finally finished, and the construction of the Grand Canal had also eventually reached the town of Athy in Co. Kildare in Central Southern Leinster.   

    Pierce Fitz Gerald / Piarais Mheic Gearailt the chief poet of the Munster Province, died this year, who had also became a non - Catholic to try and hold onto his land.   

1792 AD Daniel O Connell originally from Co. Kerry in the south - west of the Munster Province who would become known in the future as "The Liberator" was now moved on once again by his uncle, Maurice O Connell, to be educated at Douai in France where there was an English Seminary, as the French Revolution"" continued on over there.

     The first edition of the United Irishmen Society's radical newspaper the "Northern Star" was produced, spouting the revolutionary principles of "Equality, Liberty and Fraternity" for all of the whole of the population in Ireland, regardless of their religion or position in the community and Theobold Wolfe Tone although a Dublin born French Huguenot, who had an English Law Degree, now succeeded Richard Burke, the son of Edmund Burke the Statesman, as the paid secretary of the "Catholic Committee" in Dublin, after he met with them near the Christ Church Cathedral and they all agreed on the need for the "Repeal" of the Catholic Irish Penal Laws. He wanted a united Irish Nation with full democratic rights for all concerned, and had already made great strides in this direction by gaining prestige within the ranks of the many educated young Presbyterians who had similar aims in the Ulster Province, where he had originally formed the United Irishmen Society. Beauchamp Harvey, a non - Catholic also joined the United Irishmen Society, who had been another educated at Trinity College in Dublin in Co. Dublin in Southern Leinster, while "Samuel Nielson," the son of a Presbyterian minister, was also one of their members who would in the future be "arrested and exiled" out of Ireland.

       Meanwhile the French revolutionary military made further advances, that encouraged the non - Catholic Irish opinion to conciliate the Irish Catholics, as War with France seemed imminent, while the British Imperial Tory Government's Ascendancy authorities in the Dublin Castle and their Grand Juries who were all under the overall control of John "Black Jack" Fitz Gibbon the hard - line anti - Catholic, were not happy with it all and he was now more determined than ever that the Irish Catholics should be "excluded" from any chance of obtaining any "democratic rights" and therefore any political power at all costs. The British Imperial Tory Government appointed Viceroy in Ireland advised William Pitt - the Younger the British Conservative Tory Prime Minister, that the essence of their policy as usual was to "prevent the interests of Ireland from clashing with the interests of England" and because of this ongoing policy also William Pitt intended to only give concessions in Ireland when it was deemed "urgently necessary," or when he personally considered that this would cause the "majority" of the Irish Catholics to leave off "co - operating," with what he considered the non - Catholic "radicals," and support the British Imperial Conservative Tory Government. John "Black Jack" Fitz Gibbon, the hard - line anti - Catholic who was his main "Placeman" in Ireland, this time had to reluctantly yield to his will, but he was nevertheless to ensure that any concessions given to the Catholic Irish were to be "ineffective,"  which naturally did not bring them into the fold as William Pitt - the Younger had previously envisioned.  

January: The British Imperial Tory Government's Lord Lieutenant in Ireland, who was situated in their stronghold in Dublin Castle (The Devil's 1/2 Acre) and under the authority of John "Black Jack" Fitz Gibbon made no reference in his original speech to the Ascendancy Anglo Parliament  in Ireland in regard to Catholic Irish claims, and because of this they then had to be brought forward by a "private member" and the Bill was then passed where the Irish Catholics were to be now "legally" allowed to marry" non - Catholics" after that previous particular "Exclusion Bill" was also repealed. The Irish Catholics were now also to be allowed "to practice Law" with some education restrictions removed, and non - Catholics and Irish Catholics were also now allowed to attend each others "funerals," but a separate move to allow the "right to vote"/ Catholic Emancipation for those Irish Catholics who were basically in the "upper middle classes" was defeated, which also did nothing to ensure their continuing particular "support" for the British Imperial Conservative Tory Government under William Pitt - the Younger.

     The non - Catholic "Peep O Day Boys" in the Ulster Province were continuing to carry out their insiduous "attacks" on the Irish Catholic "tenant farmers" in that region, while leaving threatening notes of " To Hell or Connacht," while wrecking anything of value in their cabins, and claiming that they were only "enforcing" the Irish Penal Laws on the Catholic Irish "tenants" there on those particular conffiscated Land Lord Estates and the "Defenders," who had been set up by a non - Catholic religious minister, to defend the Irish Catholic "tenant farmers" in that region, and who were made up of other supporting Irish "tenant farmers," was the only defence against these continuing attacks. Those who were in authority there just continued to turn "a blind eye," due to the political situation that was now so blatantly evident to those who held their financial positions under the British Imperial Ascendancy Empire, but the effected "tenants" finally retaliated by raiding the Co. Cavan - Co. Monaghan border in Southern Ulster over the re - distribution of  their tenanted land on those particular Land Lord's Estates, and they were to eventually win some reductions in their compulsory rents, and the enforced compulsory "Tithes" to be paid to the Ascendancy Church of England / Ireland.

Autumn: The situation with France was not good, and Edward Burke the Statesman, put forward the proposition that it was becoming urgent to "abolish the ongoing causes" of the eternal discontent in Ireland, as this would "unify" the people and would be in the greater overall interests of the British Imperial Empire as the discontented Irish Catholics were a constant source of worry to the British Imperial Government's Dublin Castle Corporation who had by now calculated that it would take 4,000 years "to convert them all" to the Ascendancy Church of England / Ireland, based on their previous rate of "forced" conversions. Henry Grattan, the Irish Patriot Party leader in the Ascendancy Anglo Parliament  in Ireland, was moved to inform them publicly, by stating, "Do we want a non - Catholic Settlement or an Irish Nation, as natural Liberties and the Common Rights of Man have been excluded from the Irish Catholics." The overall Conservative Ascendancy was now in a bind as combined religions would mean a "combined" Ireland, and this would lead onto a "vote for Independence for Irish policies," and the British Imperial Tory Conservative Government was having none of that, as to this end they could always continue to push their policies of "divide and rule" to ensure the status quo and for another 15 years "reform" was to be continued to be demanded in Ireland, but to no avail. John "Black Jack" Fitz Gibbon, the hard - line anti - Catholic Chancellor of the Exchequer and English Earl of Clare, was now to be rewarded for his continued stifling efforts in Ireland, as their main "Placeman," by the British Imperial Conservative Tory Governments, as he continued to "paralyse" the Constitution  in Ireland. Lord Fitz William who was the only Viceroy ever appointed by the British Imperial Ascendancy Governments to Ireland ever to "oppose him," and he was to be immediately "recalled," as John "Black Jack" Fitz Gibbon would use every tactic available to him to continue to "destroy any chance" of any democratic freedom for the "majority" of the people in Ireland. 

November: The Irish Volunteers in Belfast in Co. Antrim in the north - east of the Ulster Province had received the fall of Louis the XV1 "The Last" in France, and the establishment of a French Republic, which had bought in wide voting rights there, and religious equality, as great news, and they raised subscriptions there in Ulster to assist the "French Revolutionaries" to repel any "despotic invasions" from any of the monarchists and this made William Pitt - the Younger the British Imperial Conservative Tory Prime Minister, who was now even more worried then he had been before, so he  advised the British Lord Lieutenant in Ireland that "further concessions" must be given to the Catholic Irish to ensure their support for the British Imperial cause.

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