1846 AD

                                                                                                                                                           " THE GREAT FAMINE / An Gorta Mor continues on."

1846 AD  The "Great Famine" continued to roll on in Ireland, with the "potatoes" now also "rotting" in the ground, followed by further outbreaks of "Typhus," "Diarrhoea" and "Dysentery" spreading throughout the whole of the population in Ireland.  

March - end: The "Indian Corn," previously purchased by Sir Robert "Orange" Peel the British Imperial Tory Prime Minister, finally "arrived" from the "U.S.A.," and he then intended to begin "selling" it in Co. Cork in Southern Munster for 4/6d / 54 pence for 14lb / pounds.

April: Public Works were begun at 10d pennies a day.

     Charles Trevelyan the committed "Permanent Under - Secretary" to the British Imperial Treasury for "Famine Relief," who was a fully devoted Conservative of "Laissez Faire"" (Let the Market Rule), instead of immediately "dispersing" the much needed Indian Corn to the desperate starving Irish population continued to "store" it for another 2 months, just to keep the "local" prices "up," before he opened the depots, to sell it to anyone who could "afford" to buy it among what was now the even more "desperate starving" population in Ireland and to add to the desperation he was then to "close" the Corn depots in the Summer for another "month" just in anticipation of an "Autumn" potato harvest. He then tried to bring in another "Irish Coercion Bill" with "transportation" for 15 years against "anyone" who desperately tried to gain any of the "provisions" that were still available in Ireland for any chance of their families to survive the continuing devestating effects of the ever - expanding "Great Famine." 

     William Smith - O Brien, the Anglo - Irish Land Lord, who had been born at Dromoland Castle in Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province, had co - founded the "Irish Confederation" with John Mitchell the Unitarian journalist who had been determined to bring about "Irish Independence," but he then suddenly decided to withdraw from the "Irish Confederation" although he was also previously a member of the "United Irishmen Society" also who had nearly all, by now, been "exiled" out of Ireland, for their committment to alleviate the oppression and misery, which may have come about by him being warned off by the other members of the Ascendancy Establishment of which he was still a part of.

    The "compact" between Daniel O Connell - the Liberator who was in reality an "Irish Patriot" not a "Nationalist," and the "Young Irelanders" who were fully committed "Irish Nationalists," now came to an "end" once and for all, when Daniel O Connell committed the "Repeal of the Immoral Union Association" not to be involved in the use of any "armed force" in trying to persuade the British Imperial Government to bring about "reform" in Ireland, but the situation in the "rural areas" in Ireland was by now becoming extremely "desperate" and the various "Secret Societies" were now more "active again" trying to obtain some "relief" from the harshness that the Land Lords on their confiscated Estates were carring out on their "tenant farmers" and their families in Ireland. The new "robust" activities that were now being carried out by these "Secret Societies" really suited the "agenda" of the desperate "Young Irelanders," who were now excited by the possibilities and some of them left the "Repeal of the Immoral Union Association" altogether, while others were also "expelled" from the "Immoral Union Association" for displaying their intention to try and bring about a more "immediate" result for the Land Lords' suffering "tenants" in Ireland by the use of "revolutionary force," if necessary. From this time on the "Young Irelanders," who were disposed to do so, were to continue on with their "own agenda" independently for another 4 years, pushing forward their "revolutionary" proposition for "Irish Freedom / Self Determination," and this particular activity then went someway towards keeping "alive" the previous diminished "spirit" of the similar body who had gone before them in the guise of the "United Irishmen Society."  

April 24th: As the situation all over Ireland "worsened" the British Imperial Government's Army Military commander at Waterford in Co. Waterford in the south - east of the Munster Province, wrote to the British Treasury stating that," The barges that leave Clonmel once a week "loaded with their "export" products, were under the guard of "50 "British Military Cavalry" and "80 British Military Infantry," until eventually there were to be 100,000 British Imperial Milita billeted in Ireland, to ensure the continuing "export" of all of this "produce" from out of Ireland, and that their British Imperial Military "operations" went as "smoothly" as possible, while being "transported" out of Ireland to be sent off "overseas," without the "starving" Irish population "interfering" in the British Imperial Conservative Government's policy of "Laissez Faire" (Let the Market Rule) regardless of the dreadful consequences that were continuing to occur to the overall population in Ireland.

    Sir Edward Tierney Bart, a solicitor, began a new village at Churchtown in Co. Kerry in the south - west of the Munster Province, which had been burnt down previously in 1832 AD when it had been part of the confiscated Land Lord Estates of the Percivals the English Earls of Egmont, as he had  since inherited the Estate from his brother, who had been an Apothecary who had saved the life of the German Hanoverian Prince of Wales in England, who had then been subsequently made an English Baronet, who he had since succeeded. May:, Sir Edward Teirney Bart was to "evict" 400 of the "tenant farmers" and their families from off of the Estate there in Co. Kerry.

     This year the "potato crop" in Ireland, had been planted "earlier" to try and also get through the "Hungry Months" when there would be "no potato crops" available at all, while many of the "Conacre" lots that had been previously rented out for only a "short period" of cropping, were also "not let out" at all this year, due to the rent to be paid now being required in "advance" by the Land Lords on their confiscated Estates, and to make matters even worse still this would also be followed by a "total loss" of the "potato crop" the following year in 1847.

June: Sir Robert "Orange"" Peel, the British Imperial Tory Prime Minister, finally came to realise that the situation in Ireland was "getting worse" so he decided he would have to go against the "agendas" of the "Laissez Faire Protectionists" in the Conservative Tory Party, and was now also looking towards the "Whigs" and the "Radicals" in the "British Parliamentary Opposition" in the Westminster Parliament, to give him their "support" to "repeal" the "harsh" British Imperial "Corn Laws" previously "imposed" on the Irish population, but unfortunately it was all "too late," as he was soon to be "defeated" by the "Irish Coercion Bill," that had been brought about after the previous "outbreaks" of desperate "violence" over the  "hold up" of the Indian Corn that he had basically purchased on his "own" initiative to try and bring about some relief in Ireland. (This was also to mean that the disposal of this particular important "food" source in Ireland was now to come completely under the "total control" of the penny-pinching Conservative Charles Trevelyan.) The "Laissez Faire Protectionists," in a bid to get back at Sir Robert "Orange" Peel for interfering in the "Corn" trade had "combined" their vote once again in their commercial "interest only" to that of the "Whigs," the "Radicals" and the "Repealers" to get rid of him altogether. 

July - late: A dreadful "stench" was noticed at this time coming from out of the "ground" throughout Ireland, and there were "diseased blackened" leaves showing up on the "potato" plants, and many labourers realising what was occurring in desperation "repudiated" their agreements to work on farms for a "potato patch only," and they cried out for "cash" instead to survive and work the land, to ensure that they were to receive the means for their families somehow to "survive," as "tenant" farming was not now practical, and to this end they abandoned their "potato" plots to try and obtain emplyment in "Public Works" or they had surrender up their dignity and independence and go into the Work Houses, and besides this drastic measure the "potato seed" itself was nearly "unprocurable" even if you had the money to "buy" some. The "tenant farmers" in Ireland who were on the Land Lord's confiscated Estates where by now really desperate, and they were by now well aware that the had to have some type of "relief" such as a "reduction" in the "rent" paid to the Land Lords, because of the continuing failure of the potato crop, but the Land Lords' only reaction was to "seize" their "stock and produce," if they had any, in lieu of their overdue "rent."

July: Sir Robert "Orange" Peel the British Imperial Conservative Tory Prime Minister, was once again "out" of government in England, and Sir John Russell was to be installed with "his uncaring" Coalition Whig Ministry for the next 6 terrible years until 1852 AD, which included the likes of Sir Charles Wood / Lord Halifax who was to also "once again" personally express the opinion that, "Except through a Purgatory of misery and starvation, I cannot see how Ireland is to emerge into a state of anything approaching to quiet and prosperity." The "Whig Party" were now completely in overall control of the British Imperial Whig Government and therefore also in control of the terrible ongoing circumstances that were being allowed to occur to the population in Ireland and the "editor" of the "Freemans's Journal" in Ireland was to later be moved to state, that while Sir Robert "Orange" Peel was previously in office, "He had allowed no man to die during the "Great Famine," but from now on it was to be a far terrible and even "different" story. Sir John Russell and the Conservative Imperial Whig Government announced that they would also "not interfere" with the Grain market, which allowed the "miserable" Conservative Charles Trevelyan who had been left in charge of the Irish Famine Relief, to stop another cargo of the much needed cheaper "Corn." He advised the new British Conservative Whig Government, "The only way to prevent the people in Ireland from becoming "habitually dependent" on the British Imperial Government was to bring operations to a "close." Meanwhile Sir Charles Wood / Lord Halifax, who was also now the new British Imperial Chancellor of the Exchequer stated, "It is not our intention at all to import food for the people of Ireland," (Besides the Irish population suffering physically and mentaly from these incredulous Imperial "pompous" and "uncaring" attitudes, every day hail or shine, 6 shiploads of produce from out of Ireland was being transported for the exclusive use of those in power in England while the deteriorating population in Ireland was being slowly allowed to "starve to death.")  

August 8th: Lord John Russell, the new British Imperial Whig Prime Minister, attempting to gain further brownie points among his Ascendancy followers revealed Sir Robert " Orange" Peel's previous policy of "interfering" in the market, and thereby "restraining speculation" through the purchase and sale of foreign grain, while all he had been doing was trying to ease the "suffering" on the general population in Ireland. The Public Works from now on where to be under the British Imperial Whig Government, and this too was to be gradually "discontinued" by them, but despite this many of the "local authorities" on the ground in Ireland, who were closer to the "suffering," were to try and hold out against it, as they were now well aware of the eventual personal dire "consequences" to all of the population in Ireland. "Corn" prices were to "rise up" to 1/3rd in a month, to 17 pounds a ton by December, then 19 pounds, although it had only cost 13 pounds, and as a consequence of all of this "inaptitude" and Conservative Whig indifference, many of the labourers in Ireland now slowly began to "succumb" to the terrible situation that existed and also "starved" to death. Potatoes were 4 pound @ 2d pence @pound = 8d pence per day, and with no chance of an "income" at all, this meant that their "wives" and "children" also were "coming in" from the "rural areas" looking for any type of "sustenance" to survive at all. Then to make matters even worse the "second outbreak" of the "Potato Blight" struck, taking out about 4/5th of this year's potato crop all over Ireland, which was causing further immediate and urgent distress, and the number of "deaths" in Ireland began to "increase dramatically" in proportion, with the highest numbers of those now "dying" occurring in 3 regions, in the "south" of the Ulster Province, in the "west" of the Munster Province and also in the "west" of the Connacht Province. The ongoing "deaths" in Ireland were by now becoming "so bad" that the Public Works had to be started up again, but were then once again suddenly "stopped," only because of the "expectation" of another "new harvest," which also saw "another total failure" of the potato crop again, and the Public Works was to be restarted again. (All the signs were there for an "even greater catastrophe" ahead if anyone in the British Imperial Whig Government's Dublin Castle (The Devill's 1/2 Acre) authority were "really interested" in the men, women and children in Ireland at all under the previous implementation of their "Immoral Union."

     Emigration figures from Ireland jumped up to 106,000 people, with three quarters of these going to the "United States of America," while 19,000 also made it all the way to Australia, and the rest migrated to British North America. 

September: Despite the ongoing overall "starvation" of the Irish population being allowed to "continue on" under the ongoing "export" of Irish production by the British Imperial Whig Government, and because of the "systemic malnutrition" it was only natural that an outbreak of "Fevers" would also continue to occur, and this month in Belfast in the north - east of the Ulster Province, due to the "refugees" in the surrounding "rural areas" fleeing there also for assistance, it broke out there, so a Central Board of Health was set up to organize a system of temporary "Fever" hospitals, which were to operate until 1849 AD.

October:  Lord John Russell, the British Imperial Whig Prime Minister, showed the true measure of the "Immoral Union" with England, when he openly stated that, "We cannot afford to feed the people in Ireland, their poverty must be supported by Irish property"despite all of the previous revenues going to the "Absentee Land Lords" in England  Though there was by now well established widespread "Death" and "Disease" throughout Ireland, due to the indifference to the overall humane crisis, by the British Imperial Whig Government, they still decided in their commercial greed, racism and lack of any humanity, to continue on with their Laissez Faire policy of "Let the market forces rule." They then issued instructions to all of the Relief Committees in Ireland, that they were "not to sell" any food "below" the "market prices" in any area at all, so as not to "interfere" with their normal trading opportunities, which was in direct opposition to the original intentions of Sir Robert "Orange" Peel, to give the initial starving population in Ireland the opportunity to purchase cheaper "Corn," to survive, if they had the money to do so, and things were far, far worse by now. The British Imperial Whig Lord Lieutenant in Ireland, now "disowned any responsibility" at all to the "population" in Ireland under the auspices of the "Immoral Union," while on the other hand the Land Lords took this further advantage to "clear" their "confiscted" Estates in Ireland again of all of their "tenant farmers" and their families by "eviction." If Ireland had truly been part of the United Kingdom, as it was supposed to be under the "Immoral Union," it should have been the responsibility of the British Imperial Government at Westminster, who had "created" the "economic destruction" of the Irish population in the first place, to ensure the well being of all of the Irish people, who they had continually "restricted, oppressed and economicaly repressed", by now, for nearly 700 years.

    Daniel O Connell the Liberator "denounced" the "miserable relief" measures taken by the British Imperial Whig Government in Ireland, but still continued on with them as their "unofficial advisor" on Irish Affairs, always hoping to bring about an "improvement" to the Whigs' disposition of what was really occurring in Ireland, and there were also attempts to try and reconcile the "political differences" that had occurred in Ireland between Daniel O Connell and the impatient members of the "Young Irelanders," to bring about any chance of "reform" in Ireland, but they came to "nothing."      

     Many "deaths" due to the ongoing never - ending "starvation" were now occurring in Ireland, under the "Immoral Union" and the self-indulgent irresponsible policies of the pompous "indifferent" British Whig Imperial Government whose only real policy was Laissez Faire, with no responsibility at all being accepted for the "lives" of the population in Ireland, although they were still supposed to be part  of the United Kingdom and were under their direct total control of those who had created the terrible circumtances to bring about this great tragedy in the first place.

   The Anglo - Celt newspaper was founded this year, which is still operating today in Co. Cavan in Southern Ulster. 

   Druishane House at Baltimore, in Co. Cork in Southern Munster, was this year to be the scene for the "worst kind" of Land Lord treatment to be handed out on any of their "confiscated" Estates in Ireland. 

   John Henry Newman, the previous Ascendancy Church of England prelate at Oxford University, now became a Catholic priest in England, who would in the future as a Catholic Cardinal bring about "great change" in Ireland to the Catholic Education system.      

November: Viscount Midleton, who was a Land Lord, who had his "confiscated" Estates in Ireland at Cove in Co. Cork in Southern Munster, "evicted" 350 tenant farmers and their families.

     The Society of Friends / Quakers who were by now well aware of what was occurring in Ireland began operating their "soup kitchens" in Co. Cork, in the Munster Province, where the Workhouse was originally built to hold 800 persons, but already held nearly 900 persons with another 300 to be added to these within 2 months, and 400 of these initial families where to be suffering from Fever, and reports of the terrible situation there spread throughout the whole World, which resulted in contributions to the Famine Relief from "other" Countries, wherever it was occurring in Ireland.

      Steerage passage costs to Canada from Ireland were from 50 /- shillings to 60 /  2 1/2 pounds / 3 pounds,) to the USA - 70 / - shillings (3 1/2 pounds / 5 pounds,) which was in reality a "year's wages" for a common labourer, who had no work anyway, and therefore no chance of having such money to be able to pay, and were therefore not to be among those who were "economically" capable of "leaving" and they would naturally now be among those 1,000,00 who were to continue to die miserable "emaciated and excruciating" "painful deaths" along the byways throughout Ireland.

    In desperation the Society of Friends / Quakers were to set up their "own" committees in London, and also in Dublin, to try and assist in Famine Relief in Ireland, while the British Imperial Whig Government under Lord John Russell were totally "indifferent" to the terrible inflictions that were now occurring in Ireland, just leaving it all to their Laissez Faire / own devices to work it out for themselves although they were the ones who had "total control" over the government of Ireland under the insipid tenets of the "Immoral Union."

    While this terrible "Great Famine" was occurring the Land Lords in Ireland were also to continue on with further "evictions" of their "tenant farmers" and their families from off of their "confiscated" Estates, by tearing the roofs "off" of the cabins, forcing them out into what can only be described as terrible circumstances and "appalling weather" conditions that by now applied, and even to those in "whole villages," until 1847 AD.

     James Fintan Lalor, the father of Peter Lalor of "Eureka Stockade" rebellion fame in Australia, also wrote scathing articles for "The Nation" newspaper, at this time until 1847 AD.  

     Charles Stewart - Parnell, was "born" this year, who was to become a future non - Catholic Land Lord, who was to have 5,000 acres on his "confiscated" Estate in Co. Wexford in the south - east of Southern Leinster, and in the future he would go were none of his class had gone before, while endeavouring to try and bring about "Irish Home Rule," and also some fairness for the Land Lord's "tenant farmers" and their families on their Estates, and the general overall population in Ireland, who would be by then still under the cruel heel of the British Imperial Ascendancy Conservative Governments. 

    Michael Davitt / Mac Devitt, was born this year, at Straide near Castlebar in Co. Mayo in the mid - west of the Connacht Province, who would become, due to the continual British Imperial aggression against the population in Ireland, a committed "Fenian" at 19 years of age, and as a contemporary in the future, would work in with Charles Stewart - Parnell to bring about the return of the "rural land" of Ireland to the people of Ireland, by founding at that period in time the highly successful "Irish Land League."  

     Dr. Edward Walsh, was to become the Catholic Bishop of Ossory in Co. Kilkenny in the south - west of Southern Leinster, until 1872 AD. 

December: Over half of the existing Workhouses in Ireland by this month were "full," and were "refusing" any further admittance to those who were either "standing" if possible or lying around sick and emaciated "outside their walls," who were really "destitute," with many of these by this stage "very ill," and there was also a widespread shortage of bedding, clothing and medicine, and all of this misery led onto the practise of giving the clothing of the previously "deceased," directly to the new "destitute" people without any chance of "disinfecting," while a shortage of "coffins" for the people also meant many of their "emaciated and feverish" bodies were "interred" within the Workhouse area, even sometimes near the "water supply." Many of the Guardians and the Workhouse officers who were in Ireland, seeing the desperate plight constantly of the general population in Ireland, were also trying to give out "food" to those who they could not take in, although it was now an "illegal act" under British Imperial Law, and they were being widely "condemned" by the British Poor Law Commissioners, for doing so.

1846 AD - 1850 AD During this period in time, due to the lack of any real type of "responsible humanity" by the British Imperial Whig Government, 1,.000,000 or 1/8 of the population in Ireland were to die in terrible untold misery and emaciated pain, especially in Co. Cork, Co. Clare and Co. Kerry in the Munster Province, and also in Co. Galway and Co. Mayo in the west of the Connacht Province, which were the 5 most "western" Counties on the Atlantic seaboard of Ireland.  

   Aubrey de Vere the poet, who retold the "Irish Myths," also died this year, who had been born at Curragh Chase near Askeaton and his son who had also been born at Curragh Chase in 1814 AD, was also to be a poet, who would die in 1902. 

   James Clarence Mangan, who had been a "hedge schoolmaster" at Myross, between Castlehaven and Glandore Harbour, was also an Irish poet who wrote for "The Nation" newspaper, and had translated the poem by Sean O Coileain (1754 - 1816 AD) - the Silver Tongue of Munster, also died this year at Skibbereen in Co. Cork. George Darley, another Irish poet was also among those who died this year.

1846 AD - 1851AD During this period in time, Co. Cork in Southern Munster and Co. Leitrim in Northern Connacht, were to be the two most "effected" Counties, as to the ongoing terrible "deaths" due to the never - ending "starvation" and "emaciated sickness" that followed on from all of this "indifference," the likes of which no human being should ever have suffered under the overall protection of the "Immoral Union" and the British Imperial Empire. who was still to continue to ravage Ireland of all of its produce, while the population continued to "starve to death."

     Owen Connellan published "The Annals of the 4 Masters" containing the "History and Genealogy of Ireland" up to 1636 AD in English. 

1846 AD - 1853 AD During this period in time, while the population of Ireland was suffering so dreadfully the English Earl of Devonshire alone, who had "confiscated" Estates also in Ireland, was to collect 300,300 pounds of "rent monies" from his "tenant farmers" in Ireland, which would amount to many Millions in today's money, while the population in Ireland were dying everywhere.

     17,000,000 Pounds of produce was still "exported" out of Ireland to England this year, while a 100,000 British Imperial Whig Government Millita was stationed in Ireland to keep control over the "starving masses" due to their "Immoral Union" from any chance of gaining any type of "sustenance." 321,000 tons of Grain were harvested in Ireland this year, and 288,995 tons of Grain were to be still exported out of Ireland this year. (Although it was to be somewhat too late for most of the population in Ireland due to the indifference and the devestating "Great Famine / An Gorta Mor, the highly priced controlled "Corn Laws" were to be finally "repealed.")

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