RAINBOW FARMS AUSTRALIA
16th Century AD - 1.
Henry V11 the Usurper Welsh Tudor King of England was to send Sir Leonard Grey with a large force of English Militia to Ireland to campaign against the Irish Septs, especially the Gaelic Irish horsemen / light cavalry who were well known for their high skill and brave charges in any conflict, riding only on pads without any stirrups, and using guerrilla type tactics when engaging the English forces and due to his family connection to the Heberian Dal gCais Sept in the Munster Province the Anglo - Irish Earl Burke / de Burgh was to have many of the Gaelic Irish assist him against his own "personal enemies" in Ireland and because of this 2,000 Gaelic Irish were to be killed in one battle alone, which was always another means of furthering the English purpose in Ireland.
At this time the foreign planters who were brought in from the Lowlands in Scotland into Ireland were put on the small farms.
Piers Butler the head of the Anglo - Norman Butlers / Le Butilere, who were always reared in England for an English purpose, was to become the eighth English Earl of Ormonde and then the first English Earl of Ossory, and because of this the Butlers would never have an intimate relationship to the Gaelic Irish Septs that the Anglo - Irish Fitz Geralds were to have as Gerald Mor Fitz Gerald the Anglo - Irish Earl of Kildare had a widespread connection to the Gaelic Irish aristocratic warrior Septs, that would allow him to control Ireland fairly easily on behalf of the English monarchy, but he still had to always try to walk the fine line, and at this time he tried to subdue the Heberian Dal gCais Septs in the kingdom of Thomond / Northern Munster.
1502 AD James 1V the 25 year old
Stewart King of
Scotland
1503 AD To increase his overall prospects
James 1V the Stewart
King of Scotland
1507 AD Donald Owre
was finally captured
1508 / 09 Henry V11 the Welsh Tudor Usurper King of England, died, and Henry his second son from Elizabeth of York, who was now 17 year old, became Henry V111 the second Welsh Tudor English King and married his deceased older brother, Arthur's, young widow, Catherine of Aragon the Spanish Princess who was the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain and all of her 6 babies by him would be either still born or die soon after, except for Mary who would be be born in 1516 AD.
Gerald Mor Fitz Gerald the Anglo - Irish eighth Earl of Kildare was to be killed in battle this year against the Irish Septs, and his son Garret Oge - the Younger Fitz Gerald became the English ninth Earl of Kildare who was now also to act on behalf of Henry V111. At this time no Gaelic Irish Septs were allowed into the City of Galway in Co. Galway in the south of the Connacht Province were the "14 Foreign Tribes of Galway," who were mainly of Welsh descent, now held sway and this included no O's and no Macs, especially the Heremonian Dal Cuinn Ui Briuin Seola O Flahertys / Ui Flaithbertaigh whose territory it really was. The Heberian Dal gCais Sept, were to also ally with the Heremonian Dal Cuinn "northern" Ui Niaill Cenel nEogain O Nialls against their Ui Niaill kinsmen the Dal Cuinn "northern" Ui Niaill Cenel Conaill O Donnells in the Ulster Province, which once again only further suited the English purpose. Piers Butler the eighth English Earl of Ormonde also acting on behalf of Henry V111 also took the opportunity to attack the Heberian Dal gCais Septs in their kingdom of Thomond / Northern Munster where Teague O Brian in Co. Clare was to become the first Gaelic Irish man to be killed by English gunshot in Ireland, and his kinsman, Conor O Brian was to become the "last" real Heberian Dal gCais King of Northern Munster and the last real ruler of all of the Dal gCais Septs in Ireland.
Henry V111 was to have ambitions of being an Emperor in his own right, and especially he really had a fixation to regain all of the previous Norman held territory in France that he really had no right to, which in reality always belonged to the French King anyway, and to this end he was to eventually go through 3 fortunes previously left to him by his father, the Usurper Henry V11, and he was always to need more finances to continue to attack France.
The Kings of Europe over the Centuries had previously been made aware of the wrath of the Pope should they step out of line at any time, so at this time of religious turmoil they took the opportunity to make a combined agreement to appoint their own religious, which then became only "political" appointments to suite the particular individual ruler, instead of personal religious commitment and a real decay of service and responsibility to the common man by these "political" appointments was to occur from now on into the future. Previously in England this had involved Lanfranc and William the Conqueror, Anselm and William 11 - Rufus the Red and Thomas A Beckett and Henry 11 and in the future Thomas Moore and Henry V111.
At this time the Gaelic Celtic Culture was still predominant among the Gaelic Irish and the Anglo - Irish / Old English with the Gaelic language still spoken throughout the Country even in The English Pale surrounding Dublin, and the Irish Brehon Law was still in use with all offences punishable by a fine / ericke, while most offences under English Law were punishable by death. Under the Brehon Law the leaders of the Irish Septs had always been elected on their perceived merit from within 4 generations of their previous standout ruler, while the English leadership was handed down to the eldest son. regardless of any merit, and the Usurper Henry V11 had also previously instituted Poyning's Laws in Ireland against any sign of Irishness. Henry V111 was to also ban any sign of Gaelic Irish appearances such as saffron dress, fringes / glibes, moustaches and the Gaelic language. Garrett Oge Fitz Gerald the ninth Anglo - Irish Earl of Kildare was now also seen as too close to the Gaelic Irish people by Henry V111, and this strong connection to the Gaelic Irish although it allowed him to control the Gaelic Irish without too much expense, was to bring about the decline of the Fitz Geralds / Geraldines who were from now on to be either charged with Treason / Attainted or Executed, with a list found later on containing 32 of them, who were were subject to either, in the Tower of London. .
1513 AD James 1V the Stewart King of Scotland due to his families' connection to France and the "Auld Alliance" demanded that Henry V111 withdraw from his invasion of France, and Henry V111 replied back that he had no right personally to demand anything as he, Henry V111 was the real owner of Scotland so James 1V came out and declared for France and for the "Auld Alliance against the Imperialism of England when Henry V111 invaded France again, and he crossed the River Tweed with a great army of 20,000 men, and in September "he was to be killed along with many of the Scottish nobles when they were defeated in the "Battle of Flodden Field" and he was to be the "last" of the Scottish monarchs to speak Gaelic. His one year old son, became James V the new Stewart King of Scotland until 1542 AD, and his mother, Margaret Tudor, Henry V111's sister, acted as his Regent for one year, until she remarried in 1514 AD when she was deposed by the Scottish nobles. She also soon divorced her new husband, the sixth Earl of Angus who then kidnapped the young James V and held him captive for the next 2 years.
1513 AD Henry V111 was now actively seeking a divorce from Catherine of Aragon, and had an illegitimate son born who was to become the Earl of Richmond.
1515 AD Cardinal Wolsley was now appointed the Lord Chancellor by Henry V111 the Welsh Tudor King of England.
1517 AD The Treaty of Rouen was made between Scotland and France and Luther a Catholic monk begins his campaign against the excesses of the hierarchy of the Catholic Church.
1519 AD Cardinal Wolsley took up Henry V111''s call for a divorce from Catherine of Aragon to the Pope.
1520 AD Henry V111 published an anti - Lutheran book and because of this the Pope declared him the "Defender of the Faith," but he wanted to be known as," His Most Apostolic Majesty," instead.
1521 AD By now there was a great divide between the Gaelic Heremonian Highland Scottii and the anglicized Lowland Scots, especially as to language.
1522 AD War in Europe, between the Italians, the Germans, the Spanish and the English, who were all against Francis 1st the French King who was to be defeated and captured by the Spanish at Pavia in 1525 AD and in the meantime Henry V111 was to fail in his personal attack on France.
Henry V111 was given the harp of *105.Brian Boru the previous 175th High King of Ireland, by the Pope, and Charles 1st / V the King of Spain who was also the Holy Roman Emperor made the Treaty of Windsor with him also.
1523 AD Henry V111 failed again once more in an attack on France.
1525 AD Henry V111 was now completely broke and really desperate for funds, but he still considered himself an Emperor and he now went after the Scots, the Welsh, and later the Irish.
1527 AD Charles 1st / V of Spain, who was the nephew of Catherine of Aragon, could not pay his army in Italy, so he had them attack Rome and Pope Clement V11 had to seek refuge in Castel San Angelo where he became a prisoner and Rome was gutted.
1528 AD James V became the new Stewart King of Scotland in his own right, and he exiled the sixth Earl of Angus among others, while England and France now combined to declare War against Charles 1st / V the King of Spain.
1529 AD Peace of Cambrai between Francis 1st the King of France, Charles 1st / V the King of Spain and Henry V111 the Welsh Tudor King of England. Cardinal Wolsley was now in the bad books because of of Henry V111's divorce of Catherine of Aragon being transferred to the Pope in Rome to decide, as Anne Boleyn who was of Anglo descent but born in Ireland, who was to be his main catalyst for the future problems that lay ahead, was now pregnant.
" The Diet of Speyer was held where 6 Princes and 14 Cities issued "Protestation" that everyone was to stand and give an account before God, which was to bring about the Reformation Parliament that would pass all of Henry V111's legislation until 1536 AD.
1532 AD Although Henry V111 submitted all of the Catholic clergy to his will, he was against the structure of the Calvanists more then their dogma, and retained the Catholic Faith, but not the Papal Supremacy, England was to be Episcopalian while Ireland was monastic, and as a result Irishness was linked to the Roman Catholic Faith due to Henry V111's devolution.
1533 AD Henry V111 installed Thomas Cranmer as the new Archbishop of Canterbury to carry out his will, and he pushed through his divorce and he married Anne Boleyn, and was excommunicated by Pope Clement V11.
1534 AD Act of Supremacy in Britain with Henry V111 the Welsh Tudor King of England declared head of the Catholic Church in England, instead of the Pope, and this saw the beginning of the dissolution of all of the Catholic monasteries to bring in the required funds with the execution of Bishop Fisher and Sir Thomas Moore. (The magnificent Christchurch Cathedral in Dublin was to be among those confiscated later on in Ireland and taken over by the Episcopalian Church of England and it too was also allowed to fall into decay).Henry V111 then appointed Thomas Cromwell his Vicar - General to carry out whatever was necessary to speed things up and executed Elizabeth Barton a Nun for criticizing his divorce from Catherine of Aragon.
1535 AD Dublin Castle (the Devil's 1/2 acre) was only now in The English Pale. All Irish men except the Brehon Lawyers, the chroniclers, the clerics and the bards were now liable for service as kerns / foot warriors, while the Anglo - Normans / Old English had long married into the Irish Septs and become "More Irish then the Irish." The Beataghs were free men within the Tuaths / Family regions who worked the land.
1535 - 1542 AD English Law was introduced into Wales with English Acts introduced to completely incorporate Wales as part of England, but despite this the Celtic Welsh still maintained their language and their culture, continuing to share their strong Celtic origins with Ireland, Scotland and the west of Briton.
1536 AD Henry V111 not only occupied Wales, but he also divided it into shires and hundreds, and began to stamp out their Celtic Welsh language and their customs.
The Pilgrimage of Grace was formed in York in England, which was led by Robert Aske to try and return England to the Catholic Faith, to have Thomas Cromwell dismissed, and to bring about Peace throughout the land, and because of this Henry V111 the Welsh Tudor King of England had 330 politically based executions of men, women and children carried out at this time, and before he was to be finished during his reign he was to execute 72,000 people to push his personal Church of England on the masses. Catherine of Aragon also died this year, and his previous mistress, Anne Boleyn was to be accused of high treason and also executed, and her daughter, the future Elizabeth 1st declared illegitimate.
1538 AD Henry V111 ordered the dissolution of all the Catholic Church monasteries in England along the southern coast from which he took all of their treasures and Anne Boleyn was executed, and this meant that both of his previous wives were now deceased and 10 days later he was to take Jane Seymour as his third wife, who eventually produced a sickly son who would become Edward V1, and she too was to die.
Henry V111 the Welsh Tudor King of England then decreed that all Catholic priests in Ireland were to be suppressed and there was to be a "Give no Quarter" policy in Ireland, which was to bring on the Geraldine rebellions, as the Geraldines / Fitz Geralds in Desmond / Southern Munster were forced into an alliance with Charles V the King of Spain to try to survive and Henry V111 had the remains of St. Patrick, 91.St. Columbcille / St. Columba and St. Bridget scattered in Ireland, while his appointed Archbishop Brown had the Staff of Jesus and St. Patrick's Crozier burnt, and for good measure he was to also have the remains of Thomas A Beckett dug up in England and scattered.
To survive Mac Gilla Patrick / Fitz Patrick from the Heremonian Ui Laoghaire Ui Connla Sept was to betray his own brother in their kingdom of Ossory in Co. Kilkenny in the south - west of Southern Leinster, which was further sign of things to come in Ireland. Garrett Oge - the Younger Fitz Gerald the ninth Anglo - Irish Earl of Kildare was to be re - instated as the English appointed Lord Lieutenant in Ireland due to the high cost to Henry V111 of having only English officials and an English Militia to continue to have overall control in Ireland. Henry V111 outlawed the Irish Brehon Law, and the Gaelic Irish Septs, while the Anglo - Irish also on the whole ignored this decree also. He then had Garrett Oge Fitz Gerald the ninth Anglo - Irish Earl of Kildare imprisoned in the Tower of London, and his son "Silken" Thomas Fitz Gerald who had been misinformed on purpose that he had since died there, was to carry out a revolt, until he later surrendered under a guaranteed Amnesty and was to be executed along with 5 of his Fitz Gerald Uncles. Henry V111 was to also confiscate the Irish Catholic Church Institutions and their lands for himself, and was to then dole them out to his lackeys to increase his income, and suppressed all of the Catholic monasteries and Abbeys, and had his English Military forces drive out the monks from these religious Instituions. He also was to trick the Anglo - Irish Parliament to declare that he alone was the the Supreme Head of the Catholic Church in England and also declare him King of Ireland, and he was to then close the Anglo / Irish Parliament down for 13 years.
The population in Ireland was now at 1,000,000. Henry V111 seized all of the territories of the Gaelic Irish Septs in Ireland and made them subject to his personal re - grant, and continually attacked the Heberian Dal gCais Septs in the Munster Province until they all submitted also and all Geraldine / Fitz Gerald lands were also to be confiscated in Southern Leinster, and also all of the Irish territory that had been previously gained back by the Gaelic Irish themselves over the Centuries of English oppression. He first began to confiscate the small monasteries in Ireland, while his appointed Lord Deputy personally took over the Maynooth Castle of the Fitz Geralds and he submitted 40 Gaelic Irish and Anglo - Irish Lords and introduced his own type of land ownership in Ireland to suite serfdom. A Geraldine League was to be formed to protect the younger Fitz Gerald, the son, but the Geraldine power in Ireland was now gone and the Fitz Gerald's Maynooth College was also suppressed. If the Gaelic Irish Chiefs did not submit they would be expelled or English Militia was to be sent in and their territory officially declared vacant. (At this time the actual "Protestants," who were outside of England, were either Calvanists or Lutherians).
Due to the previous English oppression over the Centuries in the south of Ireland surrounding The English Pale no Gaelic Irish Chief there in the south was now strong enough to organize Ireland against the English ethnic and religious onslaught. Murrogh O Brian was to be the last and the 57th Heberian Dal gCais King of Thomond / Northern Munster who had been Inaugurated on the sacred sight of Magh Adhair in Co. Clare, but he also was to submit to Henry V111 and accept English titles and after Murrogh O Brian was to die, the English O Brien lackeys were to be then in control of the Heberian Dal gCais Septs. The Gaelic Milesian Irian O Farrell / O Ferrell territory was also confiscated in Co. Longford in Northern Leinster along with 2000 acres of the Knight Templars in Dublin, as was The Book of Kells (The most Beautiful Book in the World.)
Henry V111 then suppressed the larger Irish monasteries and confiscated their lands, while his strongest supporter in Ireland, James Butler became the English ninth Earl of Ormonde who would try to replace the Fitz Gerald Earls. Aed O Donnell / "The O Donnell" the Heremonian Dal Cuinn "northern" Ui Niaill Cenel Conaill King who had their territory in Tyrconnell / Co. Donegal in the north - west of the Ulster Province was to also finally submit to Henry V111, and he was to be the first O Donnell to ever to submit to the English. *105.Brian Boru's harp was to be given to Mac William Burke the English Earl of Clanricarde, along with The Book of Kells, and the important Clonfert monastery in the Connacht Province was burnt down and the 3,000 monks there were physically driven out. St. Patrick's Church in Dublin was also to be among the Catholic Institutions confiscated and taken over later on by the Ascendancy Episcopalian Church of England and then also allowed to fall into decay, and Cong Abbey in the Connacht Province was suppressed and the monks there were also driven out, and it too was also allowed to fall into decay and the English Militia were then to begin attacks on the surviving Catholic Institutions in Ireland. In time 127.Conn Bacach O Niall was to be appointed the English first Earl of Tyrone, and Thomas Butler was to become the tenth English Earl of Ormonde and the third English Earl of Ossory, but The English Pale that had been set up surrounding Dublin for Centuries, from where the English carried out their attacks on the surrounding Gaelic Irish Septs, by this time had been reduced in size along the coastal region of Co. Louth and Co. Meath in Northern Leinster and Co. Dublin in Southern Leinster.
1539 AD An English Act was passed to be known as the Act of the Six Articles. Thomas Cromwell was now to arrange for Henry V111 to marry his fourth wife who was a "Protestant" who did not live up to his expectations, who he was to then retire and give a pension.
The Jesuits / The Society of Jesus, was founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, who the future Elizabeth 1st the Tudor Queen of England would have great enmity for their great organizing and teaching abilities.
1540 AD Henry V111 now had his master planner, Thomas Cromwell, executed, and also married the young Catherine Howard who he was also to have beheaded 2 years later on, and was then to marry Catherine Parr a widowed companion of his daughter Mary.
1541 AD Henry V111 finally had himself declared the King of Ireland by the Anglo - Irish Parliament who he then dismissed for 13 years and there was now to be all out warfare in Ireland until 1603 AD.
1542 AD The Scots army was defeated and in November, James V the Stewart King of Scotland died with a cholera fever after the Battle of Solway Moss against his maternal uncle, Henry V111 the Welsh Tudor King of England, and his 6 day old daughter, from Mary of Guise, Mary Queen of Scots, was to become the Stuart Queen of Scotland until 1567 AD with the Earl of Arran acting as her Regent. As a grand - daughter of Henry V11 she was next in line to the English throne also after Henry V111's children. The Scottish nobles agreed to a marriage between the infant Mary and Henry V111's son Edward in the Treaties of Greenwich, but her mother Mary of Guise and the Scottish Catholic nobles were opposed to it and took her to Stirling Castle. Henry V111 retaliated by carrying out devastating raids into Scotland burning all the crops and 4 of the main Abbeys in the Tweed Valley, and the Scots turned to the French for assistance. Henry 11 the King of France proposed a marriage of the now 5 year old Mary and his 3 year old son, Francis.
1544 AD Edward Seymour the English Earl of Hereford, a brother to Jane Seymour, invaded Scotland and burnt Edinburgh. The Peace of Crêpe was agreed to between Charles 1st / V the Emperor, England and France.
1545 AD The Battle of Ancrum Moor against the English with a Scottish victory.
1546 AD George Wishart was burnt as a heretic in Scotland and Bishop Beaton was murdered in revenge, and St. Andrews Castle was captured. The Council of Trent met until 1563 AD to try and counter the Reformation.
1546 AD Anne Askew was tortured and burnt for heresy in London.
1547 AD Brittany was now united to the French kingdom by marriage.
The English Earl of Surrey was executed for treason, and Henry V111 the Welsh Tudor King of England died this year, and his 9 year old son from Jane Seymour, became Edward V1 the third Welsh Tudor King of England and his uncle, Edward Seymour the Earl of Hereford assumed the Regency and now had absolute power in England and also made himself the Duke of Somerset, and along with Thomas Cranmer he would violently try to force the Act of Uniformity on everyone to the Ascendancy Church of England. He also had Mary Tudor, the legitimate daughter of Henry V111 and Catherine of Aragon, declared illegitimate, but he was to come undone, when he was to be executed himself in 1552 AD, when it would become common knowledge that he had personally accumulated vast amounts of previous Catholic property. The Battle of Pinkie in Scotland occurred with the English under Edward Seymour the Duke of Somerset being victorious.
1548 AD Henri 11 the King of France's proposal of marriage of his young son, Francis and the young Mary Queen of Scots was accepted and in August Mary Queen of Scots was sent to live in France for 13 years changing her name to the French Stuart. The First Act of Uniformity was passed in England for all Dissidents to the Ascendancy Church of England, and Ket's rebellion in the east of England was suppressed, France declared War on England and Edward Seymour was removed from power and John Dudley the Earl of Warwick / later the Duke of Northumberland was now calling the shots.
1550 AD While Catholics and other Dissidents were now being persecuted in England there was Peace again between France and England.
Home Page Return to Celtic Heritage On to the 16th Century AD - 2.