RAINBOW FARMS    AUSTRALIA                                              

                                                                                                                                          17th Century AD

     The Population of Ireland was now at 1,400,000, and somehow still at this time one eighth of Ireland was still under natural forest, and despite the ongoing English oppression " On all things Irish" the fines under the Irish Brehon Law for individuals were still being paid in cattle.

    The Irish Villean / Bag Pipes that were further developed this Century are still the most highly developed bagpipes in the World with no other hand held instrument equal to them as the Celtic Gaelic Irish and the Celtic Gaelic Scots fought their battles against their opponents to the accompaniment of the drum and the war bagpipes, which were also still in use in Celtic Brittany, Ireland and Scotland were they are known as Biniae / mouth blown pipes. (Their use have since died out in the Isle of Man and Wales). Known generally as the Piobmhor in Scotland, during times of War they were composed of 3 pipes 3 drones, and in Ireland 2 pipes and a chanter.

 1601 AD Elizabeth 1st the Ascendancy Tudor Queen of England had now executed the ever increasingly popular young English Earl of Essex, and Blount the English Earl of Mountjoy was now her appointed Lord - Deputy in Ireland and he continued on his way with her "Scorched Earth" policy of "Slash and Burn" of everyone and everything in sight and her ethnic and religious persecution of the Catholic Irish and the Anglo - Irish / Old English, and the never - ending land confiscations and foreign non - Catholic plantations.

      James Fitz Thomas Fitz Gerald the Anglo - Irish Catholic sixteenth Earl of Desmond, had tried to defend the Munster Province against the ongoing English Ascendancy repression of Elizabeth 1st, until he was to be eventually betrayed by his kinsman, Edmund Fitz Gerald (Fitz Gibbon) the White Knight for a 1,000 pound reward from her.

       The Spanish were to land at Kinsale in Co. Cork in Southern Munster were the English forces were strongest although Aed Dubh / Black Hugh O Niall had requested that they land in the Ulster Province, still under his overall  control.

1602 AD Phillip 11 the Catholic King of Spain had sent the Spanish fleet to Ireland to assist the beleaguered Irish Septs and the Heremonian Dal Cuinn "northern" Ui Niaill Chieftains, Aed Roe / Red Hugh O Donnell "The O Donnell" and 129.Aed Dubh / Black Hugh O Niall "The O Niall," both had their dominant forces and their strongest held territory in Ulster Province awaiting the arrival of the Spanish, and they were now forced to take most of their Irish forces all the way down to the south - west to Kinsale in Co. Cork in the Munster Province to try and relieve the Irish Septs and the Spanish forces there who were by now heavily involved in defending Munster instead. It was not only to be a long harrying march but it would take too much time to get there and when they did they were to be betrayed and defeated there, while in the meantime their "northern" Ui Niaill Septs who they had left behind to guard Ulster were also still under attack by the English Military forces who were now also in Ulster,  and all would be lost there also due to the "northern" Ui Niaill previously having to divide their forces. Under the ongoing English oppresion Gaelic Ireland was coming to a terrible end under the savagery of Blount / Lord Mountjoy the English commander for Elizabeth 1st, who continued to carry out her devastating brutal policy "On all things Irish."

     Donnell Cam O Sullivan the Heberian Eoghanacht Chaisil Irish leader was to be defeated in the Munster Province and all of his property was to be confiscated by the English, so he decided to head north with 1,000 of his people to escape the ongoing violence in Munster, and try and join up with the "northern" Irish Heremonian Dal Cuinn Chieftains, 129.Aed Dubh / Black Hugh O Niall "The O Niall" in the Ulster Province, Brian Oge - the Younger O Rourke "The O Rourke" the Dal Cuinn Ui Briuin Breifne Chief of West Breifne in the north of the Connacht Province and Aed Maguire "The Maguire" the Dal Cuinn Colla Da Crioch Chief who had his territory there in Co. Fermanagh in the south - west of Ulster.

1603 AD The Plague also broke out in Dublin and Elizabeth 1st, the Tudor Ascendancy Queen of England died, unbeknown to the resisting Irish forces, under 126.Aed Dubh / Black Hugh O Niall and Mountjoy / Blount her Deputy in Ireland kept it that way, and due to the onging  terrible devastation that he was continuing to carry out on the population in Ireland he was now able to force all of the Irish and Anglo - Irish leaders to submit while the Connacht Province, the Leinster Province and the Munster Province was by now also under the total control of the English Military forces after 9 Years of determined resistance by the Irish Septs and the Anglo - Irish / Old English against the ongoing ethnic and religious oppression of the recently deceased Elizabeth 1st. As 126.Aed Dubh / Black Hugh O Niall "The O Niaill" the overall Irish leader was unaware of her death, to stop the carnage being carried out by Mountjoy on the general population, including their stock and property especially now in the Ulster Province he surrended to him also and Aed Ruadh / Red Hugh O Donnell who was in Spain seeking further assistance was to poisonied by an English assassin there.

        James V1 the Stewart King of Scotland now became James 1st the new and first Stewart Ascendancy English King until 1625 AD as England, Wales and Scotland were combined under the banner of the tricolour the Union Jack / Jacque / James and in Ireland the Irish Septs were now expecting a better deal, as his mother had been Mary Stuart the Catholic Queen of Scots, and he also had a daughter of Malcolm 111 Cean Mor, a previous Irish Gaelic Catholic King of Scotland in his pedigree, but due to his appalling negative upbringing he had other fish to fry and the ethnic and religious conditions were only to become even worse under his greedy overbearing rule. Much more confiscation of Irish land was still to also occur, while the remaining Irish Septs were to be driven off of their territories to above the 600' level to starve to death and there was to be increased foreign non - Catholic Ascendancy plantations, and also Presbyterian plantation of mostly Teutonic Lowlanders was to occur to consolidate the Ascendancy numbers in Ireland over the Catholic Irish and Anglo - Irish / Old English.

1603 -1606 AD The second promised Spanish expedition did not eventuate, and the Irish and Anglo - Irish / Old English were from now on to be once again in constant turmoil with heavy losses of life also all around to the superior English weaponry that they had recently gained in Europe, and their well equipped Militia numbers were to be all over Ireland, as the "Slash and Burn" policy was still continued on under Mountjoy with no sign of recourse or let up.

1604 AD A sign of things to come was very explicit this year when a conference was held between members of the Ascendancy English High Church and the ever growing numbers of Puritans at Hampton Court, but to no avail, but future groundwork was being laid for a major confrontation to eventually occur there.  

1605 AD A Gunpowder Plot in London was foiled where the perpetrators were intending to take out the oppressive  English Ascendancy Parliament now under James 1st the first Stewart Ascendancy King of England.  

1607 AD The Flight of the remaining Gaelic Celtic "northern" Irish Earls occurred in the Ulster Province after Attainders were put on their heads to finish them off by removing their Gaelic influence altogether in Ireland.

1607 - 1610 AD There were to be further "foreign" non - Catholic plantations carried out by the Ascendancy English Parliament in the Ulster Province in Ireland. after the "Flight of the Earls" had occurred with the last of the Irish Chieftains there in Ulster charged with Treason and the Attainders were put on their heads to get them either out of the way or out of Ireland and along with 75 members of their families the "northern" Gaelic Irish leaders were to leave Ireland and sail to Rome and Spain for sanctuary. New English Ascendancy non - Catholic "foreign" plantation towns were to be founded in Ireland that were also well fortified against the remaining Irish Septs, who were also to be banned from any of the cities in Ireland and James 1st the new Ascendancy King of England was now in complete control of Ireland and he appointed only English authorities and began constructing even more castles against the Irish Septs in their original respective territories. More then 3,500,000  million acres were to be confiscated in Ulster alone, and English Ascendancy and Presbyterian Calvinist ministers were also installed to oversee the operations, and conforming to these 2 religions was now the only way to survive in Ireland and obtain any chance of any advancement or have a normal life. The authority of the remaining Gaelic Celtic "northern" Irish Kings and Chiefs was gone, and from now on it would be mainly Lowland Scots who would come into Ulster, with any of those who were Gaelic speakers coming from Argyll and Galloway in the Scottish Highlands.

1610 AD James 1st the Stewart Ascendancy King of England dissolved his first English Parliament and began the "foreign sectarian" plantation of the Ulster Province in the north of Ireland with English and Scottish non - Catholics. 

1611 AD More land confiscations occurred and more "foreign" Ascendancy and Calvinist planters were brought into Ireland by James 1st to reduce the Irish Catholic influence and further new Irish Penal Laws were also introduced.

1612 AD James 1st the Stewart Ascendancy King of England also introduces Episcopacy into Scotland.

1616 AD 129.Aed Dubh / Black Hugh O Niall "The O Niall," died in Spain.

      The English Earl of Somerset was now out of favour with James 1st the Stewart Ascendancy King of England and the English Earl of Buckingham was in favour with James 1st.

1618 AD Unbeknown to James 1st leases were to be granted to Irish Catholic tenants although it was now against English Law, which was due to the massive amounts of confiscated Irish land and the required necessary labour to work it.

      Sir Walter Raleigh was executed this year and the Five Articles of Perth were accepted by the Presbyterian General Assembly in Scotland.

1619 AD "Black Tom" Wentworth, who was to play an infamous part in the scheme of things, at this time was a Puritan leader in the English Parliament and he purchased a great tract of land in Ireland.

1620 AD 2,500,000 of the confiscated acres in Ireland so far were now in the hands of only 2,000 introduced "foreign sectarian" planters, and non - Conformists to the Ascendanacy Church of England began migration from England to America by those were already attempting to get away from the newly inclined persecution of James 1st the Ascendancy Stewart English King of England1621 AD "Foreign" French Calvinist non - Catholic Huguenot planters were now brought into Ireland to try and take up the confiscated Irish territories, and to also increase the non - Catholic Ascendancy numbers in Ireland. 

     The English Parliament was once again dissolved by James 1st the Stewart Ascendancy English King who also had the  Five Articles of Perth passed to suite his agenda by the Parliament in Scotland.

1622 AD In the Ulster Province 6 of the 9 Counties were to be sectarian planted with 13,000  "foreign" non - Catholic Ascendancy planters, and a Ward System was introduced to rear Irish and Anglo - Irish / Old English Catholic children as adherents to the Ascendancy and Calvinists, and to also allow confiscation of any of their territories or Estates in they did not conform, which only further upset the Anglo - Irish / Old English.

1623 AD James 1st's son, Charles Stewart who was now the Prince of Wales, went to Spain with his advisor the Earl of Buckingham intending to marry the Spanish King's Infant daughter who rebuffed his advances, and from then on he personally had an axe to grind with Spain.    

       Gaelic Irish names were banned again this year in Ireland.

1625 AD James 1st, the Stewart Ascendancy King of England and V1 of Scotland died, and his son, Charles 1st was in as the second  Ascendancy Stewart King of England and Scotland until 1649 AD, and due to his mercenary attitude to life the English Parliament gave him the income from Tonnage for one year to try and tide him over and he also got excited and carried out his first English expedition into Cadiz in Spain, which failed.

1626 AD Charles 1st the second Ascendancy Stewart King of England proposed 51 Graces (Human Rights) for the Irish Catholics in Ireland if they gave him massive annual financial considerations, which they were to agree to, but it was never to happen and he would never have enough money to suite his particular mercenary agenda. 

      There was a "forced" loan in England and Sir John Eliot one of the Puritan leaders in the English Parliament and others were to be imprisoned, which only strengthened the Puritan resolve to bring him undone.

1627 AD 2,000 more "foreign" non - Catholic planters were brought into the Ulster Province, and there was also to be expulsion for anyone who did not conform to the Ascendancy Church of England and also to English habits.

1628 AD The Irish and Anglo - Irish Catholics agreed to pay the mercenary Charles 1st  40,000 pounds a year for 3 years to receive the 51 Graces.

      Charles 1st's advisor the Earl of Buckingham was assassinated in England and seeing which way the wind was blowing and seeking his own opportunity "Black Tom" Wentworth broke away from the Puritans in the English Parliament and joined up with Charles 1st the greedy mercenary Stewart King of England guaranteeing to increase his revenues further in England.

     Charles 1st at this time also appointed the anti - Catholic Richard Boyle who was to be the first English Earl of Cork, and from now on one of the biggest landowners in Ireland to run Ireland for him.

      A Petition of Right was passed by the English Parliament.

1629 AD Charles 1st the mercenary Ascendancy Stewart English King was to dissolve the third English Parliament and 11 Years of tyranny of his personal rule followed.

1630 AD Geoffrey Keating / Ceitinn) begins a History of Ireland while in hiding from the ongoing religious persecution being carried out in Ireland.

1631 AD The "Book of Invasions" was compiled in Ireland.

       Due to the ongoing persecution to conform to the Ascendancy Church of England the Scottish Calvinist Presbyterians also began to leave the Ulster Province for America on the Eagle Wind.

1632 AD "Black Tom" Wentworth was now moving on and up, as Charles 1st the mercenary Ascendancy Stewart King of England now appointed him to run Ireland for him also and raise as much increased revenue as he could get for which he was guaranteed 100% support from Charles 1st to do whatever it took.

      James Butler the twelth English Earl of Ormonde who had his vast Estates in Co. Kilkenny / Ossory in the south - west of Southern Leinster was to be the first of the Royalist Butlers to be raised also as a member of the Accendancy in England for an English purpose.

1632 - 1636 AD Due to the continuing ethnic and religious oppression by the Sassenach / English, "On all things Irish," a special combined history of Ireland kown as "The Annals of Ulster" was also being composed by the of the 4 Catholic Irish Masters in the Abbey in Co. Donegal in the west of the Ulster Province.

1633 AD "Black Tom" Wentworth was now in Ireland as the English Lord Deputy for Charles 1st the mercenary Ascendancy Stewart King of England and he agreed to bring in the 51 Graces for a payment of 20,000 pounds a year from the Catholic Irish, but as usual nothing ever eventuated.

1634 AD Charles 1st the mercenary Stewart Ascendancy King of England now demanded ship - money also from the English Parliament, and William Prynne in England another of the Puritan leaders was condemned.

1635 AD Thomas "Black Tom" Wentworth the English Lord Deputy acting for the greedy Charles 1st in Ireland increased the price to 40,000 pounds a year to now allow the 51 Graces, which were never to occur anyway, and also claimed all of the Connacht Province personally for Charles 1st. 

      Charles 1st has his Episcopalian Church of England Bishop Laud push their new version of Conformity to the Ascendancy Church of England on Ireland, and also on Scotland.

1637 AD Confiscation of further Irish territories now also occurred in Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province, and foreign Ascendancy Church of England planters were installed there also, and the Anglo - Irish / Old English fearing the same would be soon be on the agenda for them, and that their rents were also to be increased.

      New land grants of Irish territories were now made also to the merchants in London in England of confiscated land in the Ulster Province, and Ireland was divided into 32 Counties of 41 Boroughs who were each allotted 2 votes each to mainly those Ascendancy Anglo - Irish who had now conformed to the Ascendancy Church of England while the Ascendancy Archbishop William Laud, acting on behalf of Charles 1st again, introduced his liturgy into Scotland to great indignation there.

1638 AD Scottish Calvinist Presbyterians signed a National Covenant in Scotland against the wishes of Charles 1st, and there were confiscations there also for not conforming, and a rebellion now occurred in Scotland with the Glasgow Assembly meeting while "Black Tom" Wentworth also continued to alienate everyone in England also, and especially so in Ireland, while he was trying to raise increasing revenues on behalf of the greedy Charles 1st the mercenary English King.

1639 AD The first Ascendancy Episcopalian Bishops' War occurred in England and was ended by the pacification of Berwick.

1640 AD "Black Tom" Wentworth who by now had been in Ireland for 6 years doing Charles 1st bidding was given an English Title and was created Lord Strafford, and all of the Grand Juries now had to find for Charles 1st the Stewart English King or else and he was to fine those in Galway 1,000 pound for going against him but Charles 1st the mercenary English King was to come undone when he allowed a Short English Parliament to be held to raise further revenues from April to May, as this gave the Puritans in the Parliament an opportunity to impeach their previous old ally "Black Tom" Wentworth. 

      The upset Scottish Parliament forces were now able to defeat the English Military forces in a battle in England and a second Bishops' War occurred in England, which was ended by the Treaty of Ripon, and the Long English Parliament were able to meet in November and the English Parliament now also growing stronger under the Puritans impeached Charles 1st's Ascendancy Archbishop William Laud.

      Another 22,000 English Ascendancy Church of England "foreign" planters were brought into Ireland.

1641 AD May: "Black Tom" Wentworth was Attainted and beheaded on Tower Hill in England by the pressure brought on by the growing power of the Puritans in the British Parliament. where he had been previously blessed by the Ascendancy Archbishop Laud, but there was no sign of his guaranteed Protector Charles 1st.

      3/4 of the territories of the Irish Septs in Ireland were now in English and Anglo - Irish / Old English hands as the power of the merchants in England were continuing to grow stronger and all up a further 3,500,000 acres in Ireland were now confiscated and further Ascendancy "foreign" sectarian planters were once again introduced into Ireland, while the general Irish population had been driven off their land to seek refuge above the 600' level to starve to death. 

      English Civil War now occurred with the Royalist forces of the mercenary Charles 1st the Stewart Ascendancy English King against the English Puritan controlled Parliament, and the Grand Remonstrance was now voted and published by the English Parliament, and Charles 1st in a panic now acting as Charles 1st the King of Scotland set out for Scotland. 

     Rebellion now occurred in the Ulster Province in Ireland as the beginnings of an Irish Confederacy begun to take shape, that would eventually be composed of the Irish Septs and the Anglo - Irish Catholics in Ireland who were to eventually form their own Irish Government to try and stop the never - ending ethnic and religious oppression and the ongoing land confiscations in Ireland and in the turmoil to follow 4,000 foreign non - Catholics were killed and twice that number were to be removed from the tenant farms.

1642 AD English Civil War began as Charles 1st the Stewart King of England in desperation made an attempt to seize 5 Members of the English Commons with the Parliament in England now well and truly under Puritan control, and he also seized Hull and raised his standard at Nottingham, while Portsmouth surrendered to the Puritan Parliament.

    The Irish and Anglo - Irish / Old English also were now revolting against the ongoing ethnic and religious persecution still being carried out in Ireland and also the continuing imposition of the foreign planters on their confiscated lands, and to this end a General Assembly of Confederated Irish and Anglo - Irish Catholics were to meet in Kilkenny in Co. Kilkenny in Southern Leinster.

    The English Puritan controlled Parliament now introduced an Adventurers Act to sell off a further 2,500,000 acres of Irish land on the cheap to assist them with their war against Charles 1st, and the Irish Catholic commanders, Eogan Roe O Niall, and the Anglo - Irish man Thomas Preston were to return to Ireland from France to take command of the Irish Confederacy forces.

1643 AD The English Puritan controlled Parliament abolished the Church of England's Episcopacy and the Parliament in Scotland were to hold to their Solemn League & Covenant that they previously made with the English Puritan Parliament.

      James Butler the English twelth Earl of Ormonde in Ireland, acting for Charles 1st, defeated the initial forces of the Irish Confederacy in the Battle of Ross.

     The Puritan Parliamentary forces in England under the Fairfaxes were defeated in the Battle of Adwalton, while Waller's forces were also soundly defeated in the Battle of Roundway Down, and the Royalist forces under Prince Rupert, Charles 1st's nephew, was to besiege Bristol and in the Battle of Winceby, Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell defeated the Royalist forces and John Pym the Puritan Parliamentary leader was to die.

     A Truce was made between Charles 1st and the Irish Confederacy for a payment of 30,000 pounds to Charles 1st but James Butler the English twelth Earl of Ormonde, acting for Charles 1st in Ireland, still refuses personally to consider Irish Catholic Emancipation and Murrogh O Brien - of the Burnings, also raised as an Ascendancy Episcopalian in England for an English purpose abandoned the cause of Charles 1st and joined in with the Puritan Parliament forces and began attacks in the Munster Province mainly because Charles 1st had appointed one of his Royalists over Munster instead of him, which he considered was his personal hereditary right.

1644 AD The army in Scotland under Alexander Leslie / Lord Levan besieged England and Waller was defeated again in the Battle of Copredy Bridge, while Oliver Cromwell was successful in the Battle of Marston Moor were he was assisted by the Scottish Army, and the Puritan Parliamentary forces also captured York, but the Earl of Montrose acting for the Royalists was successful in the Battle of Tippermuir, while the Puritan Army was defeated under Essex at Lostwithiel, but were to be successful in the second Battle of Newbury. 

1645 AD Charles 1st the Stewart mercenary Ascendancy King of England's main protagonist the Ascendancy Episcopalian Archbishop Laud was now also executed by the Puritans, while the Earl of Montrose was successful again in the Battle of Inverlochy, and negotiations were now to be held also between Charles 1st and the Puritan Parliament at Uxbridge, while the New Model Army was now organized under Sir Thomas Fairfax for the English Puritan Parliament.

      Edward Somerset the Earl of Glamorgan who was now personally acting for Charles 1st in Ireland agreed to give some rights for the Irish Catholics if they provided him with 10,000 Irish men to fight for Charles 1st, who then denied to the Puritans that this agreement had been previously arranged with the Irish Confederacy,

      In England the Earl of Montrose was successful once again again in the Battle of Auldearn and the Royalists besieged Leicester, but Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell were to be successful in the Battle of Naseby acting for the Puritans against Charles 1st and his nephew, Prince Rupert, but the Earl of Montrose had another two victories in the Battle of Alford and the Battle of Kilsyth, while Sir Thomas Fairfax one of the commanders for the Puritans captured Bristol, and in the Battle of Philphaugh the Earl of Montrose was to be defeated by David Leslie and the Scottish Army.

1646 AD Sir Thomas Fairfax acting on behalf of the Puritans was to capture Exeter and Oxford, and Charles 1st the mercenary Ascendancy King of England then surrendered to the Scottish Army to gain hoping to gain sanctuary for himself, while In Ireland, James Butler the English twelth Earl of Ormonde acting for Charles 1st finally concludea peace with the Irish Confederacy, and Eogan Ruadh O Niall the Irish Confederacy commander in Ireland defeated the Scottish Army at Benburb in the Ulster Province.

 1647 AD Charles 1st the mercenary Ascendancy King of England and Scotland was handed over to the English Puritan Parliament by the Scottish Parliament, but Cornet Joyce abducted Charles 1st, who then escaped to Carisbrooke Castle where "The Engagement" is agreed to between Charles 1st and the Scottish Parliament and the English Civil War was ended with the Puritan Parliament now in overall control under Oliver Cromwell their military commander, while Murrogh O Brien in Ireland was to be now out sorts with the Puritans also, for the very same reason of passing him over to be the one in charge in the Munster Province, and so he re - joined the cause of Charles 1st 's Royalist forces again.

      Henry Ireton, one of Oliver Cromwell's sons -- in - law, put forward "Heads of the Proposals" and the Puritan Army marched on London and "The Agreement of the People" was prepared by the Levellers.

1648 AD The English Puritan House of Commons passed a "Vote of No Addresses," and a Second Civil War began in England, and Oliver Cromwell defeated both the Royalists and Scottish Army under Hamilton at Preston, and Sir Thomas Fairfax captured Colchester and negotiations were carried out once again between Charles 1st and the Puritan Parliament, which failed again, and he also declined the terms offered to him by the Puritan Army itself, and Pride's Purge was then carried out in the Puritan Parliament. In the meantime, Murrogh O Brien in Ireland concludes a personal peace now with the Irish Confederacy, and James Butler the Royalist English twelth Earl of Ormonde was now attempting once again to ally with both the Irish Confederacy and Murrogh O Brien, but would give no ground on Irish Catholic Emancipation.

1649 AD Many of the "fighting" Irish had previously returned to Ireland from France and Spain to assist the Irish Confederacy, and James Butler the English Royalist twelth Earl of Ormonde was now to conclude a peace with the Irish Confederacy in support of Charles 1st, and the Provisional Irish Government then handed over leadership to him as the leader of the Royalist forces on behalf of Charles 1st, who was soon to be executed on February 5th by Oliver Cromwell and the English Puritan Parliament. After Charles 1st's demise occurred what to do next in Ireland was in flux, as James Butler now acting for Charles 1st's son, Charles the Prince of Wales who would later become Charles 11, and he was also acting for the Puritan English Parliament. On arriving into Ireland with a force of 20,000 men, Oliver Cromwell personally was to carry out terrible human massacres on the Irish and Anglo - Irish population and many Irish castles and Institutions along with the Irish population were to be  totally destroyed.

     Seeing the writing on the wall for the Gaelic way of life Dubhaltach Mac Firbis began his personal History of Ireland.

 March: Charles 11 was now proclaimed the third Stewart Ascendancy King of Scotland by the Scottish Parliament.

     The Puritan Parliament abolished the English House of Lords and the English monarchy, and a Commonwealth was set up in England, which would last until 1653 AD under Oliver Cromwell who would still remain personally in power there until his death in 1658 AD.

     When Oliver Cromwell was to come to Ireland with his massive Puritan Parliament forces at first he was to besiege Drogheda in Co. Louth in the north - east of Northern Leinster killing thousands there, and later was to also capture Wexford in Co. Wexford in Southern Leinster with a terrible loss of life there also, which he was to "Give to the Glory of God alone."

1650 AD David Leslie, the Scottish commander, captured the Earl of Montrose the previous commander of the Royalists and he was executed.

     The Calvinist Presbyterians in Scotland wanted a Covenant of a separate Scottish Parliament and their own Presbyterian religion and this was to be agreed to in the "Agreement of Breda" by Charles the Prince of Wales for their support, and governance over Britain under the Solemn League and Covenant, who would nevertheless totally ignore them when he would regain the monarchy and become Charles 11.

    Oliver Cromwell after committing terrible massacres on the general Irish population returned to England leaving his son - in - law, Ireton in command and Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan forces were to also defeat the Scottish Army under their commander, David Leslie in the Battle of Dunbar and from now on the Puritan English Parliament full of merchants also tried to claim the Dutch markets and thereby their trade, and New Amsterdam would eventually become New York.

1651 AD Charles 11 the previous Stewart Prince of Wales was crowned the King of Scotland at Scone, and he came up against Oliver Cromwell in September in the Battle of Worcester where he was defeated, and was able to escape into Normandy.

1652 AD General Monck subdued Scotland for the English Puritan Parliament, and an English Act was passed by the Puritan Parliament for "Settling Ireland."

1653 AD Prince Rupert's English Royalist fleet was destroyed, and the Rump Parliament in England was dissolved by Oliver Cromwell, and the Barebones Parliament then met with a Protectorate instituted in England until 1660 AD who were now under Oliver Cromwell's overall total control.

     Under the "Act of Settlement" all of the Irish Catholics were to be expelled from out of the towns in Ireland, with William Petty / Lord Shelbourne the one to divide it up with all Catholic lands and property in Ireland to be confiscated

1657 AD Oliver Cromwell accepted the "Humble Petition and Advice" and became the Lord Protector of England and the Irish and the Anglo - Irish / Old English in Ireland were now to be transplanted by Oliver Cromwell to "Hell or Connacht."

    The Fifth Monarchy men in England rose up against the tyranny of Oliver Cromwell who was now the "official" Protector of England.

1658 AD Oliver Cromwell, died, and his son, Richard Cromwell was to take over as the new Lord Protector of England until 1659 AD.

1659 AD The Rump Parliament in England was re - assembled, and Richard Cromwell abdicated, and the English Parliament was resumed.

1660 AD The Long Parliament was now dissolved, and a new English Parliament was called, and the Restoration of Charles 11 to the monarchy was enacted and the Act of Union between Scotland and England was annulled.

April: Charles 11 made the "Declaration of Breda" on his conditions to accepting the English Crown, including pardoning most of his father's enemies, except for 50 of Oliver Cromwell's main supporters, of which 9 were to be executed, and on April 23rd Charles 11 was installed in England as the third Stewart English King until 1685 AD who was the son of Charles 1st and Henrietta Maria of France a Catholic, and was married to Catherine of Braganza also a Catholic Princess, but they had no children of their own, although he was to produce 12 illegitimate children, including the ill - fated Duke of Monmouth. The Scottish Calvinist Presbyterian Parliamentarians were then denied access to him and James 11, who was the Duke of York and his brother, was to be proclaimed the future Catholic heir who had secretly married Anne Hyde a non - Catholic commoner who became a Catholic later on.

1661 AD Episcopacy was re - established in Scotland again by decree, and the non - Conformists to the Ascendancy Episcopalian Church of England were proclaimed, and the burning of the Calvinist Presbyterian Solemn League and Covenant followed, with 70 of their ministers removed from their positions in Ireland by the Ascendancy English authorities in the Dublin Castle (The Devil's 1/2 acre) and the Corporation Act was introduced in the English Parliament as the first of the Statutes to be now issued against the Puritans. The Fifth Monarchy men in England now rose up against Charles 11 also, and Thomas Venner their leader, and 16 others were beheaded.

1662 AD The Press Act was introduced in England. and also another Act of Uniformity, leading on to the ejection of many of the clergy, which was the beginning of the Ascendancy English non - Conformity and Patronage was restored by the Scottish Parliament and the merchants in the new English Ascendancy Parliament were back in charge again, and an English Act was then passed," To forbid the export of Irish wool," To make James 11 the Catholic Duke of York's succession acceptable to the Ascendancy, James's oldest  daughter, Mary, was committed to later marry her cousin the non - Catholic Dutch Prince, William of Orange.  An "Act for the Settlement of Ireland" was passed in the English Ascendancy Parliament.

1663 AD 800 claims were heard for the re - instatement of the Oliver Cromwell confiscated land in Ireland, of which 700 were confirmed for the return of the land with more claims to be heard, which frightened many of those previous "foreign" planters who had also been put in during Oliver Cromwell's rule while another Merchant Act was passed in England, "To restrict Irish trade with the Colonies and cattle exports to England during June and December." 

1665 AD Another English Act by the merchants in control of the Parliament there, that Irish export of cattle, milk, butter and cheese was forbidden and the First Conventicle Act was passed in England and the Five Mile Act  that non - Conformists to the Ascendancy Episcopalian Church of England in Ireland must not conduct services within 5 miles of a town. The Great London Plague also occurred and 100,000 people were to die there.

1666 AD The merchants in the English Parliament now made the prohibition for the export of live cattle from Ireland during June and December absolute while the Great Fire of London ended the Plague.

      France now under Louis X1V declared War against England and the Scottish Covenanters were defeated in the Battle of Rullion Green.

1667 AD An English Parliament Act was now introduced also against the Irish cattle trade and a secret Treaty was made between Charles 11 and Louis X1V.

       James Butler the twelth English Earl of Ormonde was appointed back in Ireland to represent Charles 11 and the strong anti Catholic hard - liner the Earl of Clarendon was out in England and the Cabal ministry took over.

1668 AD James the Duke of York and his wife, Anne Hyde became Catholics, but they had previously raised their 2 daughters, Mary and Anne, as Episcopalian non - Catholics to appease the Ascendancy in control in England while their third daughter, Charlotte was to marry a Catholic, which would exclude her from the Ascendancy monarchy.

1969 AD James Butler the English Earl of Ormonde was recalled from Ireland.

1670 AD An English Navigation Act was passed by the merchants in the English Parliament prohibiting the importation of goods by the Irish from the Colonies, ensuring that they were first landed in England, and the introduction of the Second Conventicle Act by the English Parliament. The Secret Treaty of Dover was agreed to between Charles 11 and Louis X1V.

    Rob Roy Mac Gregor was born in Scotland.

1672 AD Calvinistic Presbyterian Church ministers were now granted a yearly remuneration of 600 pounds a year in Ireland to win them over from fraternizing with the Catholic Irish.

        Charles 11 the Stewart King of England tried to introduce religious freedom with a Royal Declaration of Indulgence, but it was denied by the Ascendancy English Parliament.

1673 AD The Test Act  was passed by the Ascendancy English Parliament barring Catholics from holding Public Office, and James the Duke of York, and Lord High Admiral gave up that position, as the Parliament tried to force him to swear to "

The Test Act" to conform to the Ascendancy Church of England and he also married Mary of Modena an Italian Catholic Princess who was to eventually produce a young son, (actually 2 sons and 5 daughters altogether), which did not go down too well with the Ascendancy and Charles 11 canceled the Declaration of Indulgence.

     John Sobieski of Poland defeated the Muslim Turks stopping their overall advance against Christianity and the Old Pretender, James 111 was to marry his daughter. who was also to be the mother of Bonnie Prince Charlie. 

1674 AD English troops were sent by the Dublin Castle (The Devil's 1/2 acre) authorities into Ireland and up into the Ulster Province to counteract the strong Scottish Calvin Presbyterian influence increasing there.

    John Sobieski was elected the King of Poland.

1675 AD The Earl of Shaftsbury actually organized the first Opposition Party in the Ascendancy English Parliament, which saw the beginnings of the Whigs as opposed to later on to the Conservatives. Letters of Intercommunicating in Scotland against the Covenanters.

       John Sobieski defeated the Muslim Turks again and a Treaty followed.

1677 AD English troops were sent up into the Ulster Province again to further counteract the growing Scottish Calvinist Presbyterian influence there, with another force of English troops to be sent to Belfast Loch in preparation to be forwarded on to Scotland to take on the Scottish Parliament and an Act was passed  "To forbid Sunday Sports." 

    William the Prince of Orange who was now 27 years old and a non - Catholic was married to James the Duke of York's, (who was his cousin) 15 year old daughter, Mary Stewart against her father's wishes, and they were to produce no children, but would come to reign over the English Parliament to continue the Ascendancy control.

1678 AD Titus Oates was put up to instigating a "false" Popish Plot to kill Charles 11, that created an opportunity to then produce an Exclusion Bill to remove the future James 11, the Catholic brother of Charles 11 from the line of succession.

       The Murder of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey.

1679 AD Archbishop Sharp was murdered by Scottish Covenanters.

      The Exclusion Bill was passed in the English Parliament by the Whig Party to exclude James the Catholic Duke of York, with the anti - exclusion Tory Party allied to Charles 11 who then dissolved the English Parliament, and he was now to rule England personally until he died. (There had also been various Plots in the 1670's to return the Puritans to power in England).

     The Battle of Drumclog occurred in which the Scottish Covenanters defeated Graham of Claverhouse followed by the Battle of Bothwell Bridge where the Scottish Covenanters were defeated by the Duke of Monmouth, Charles 11's illegitimate son.

 1680 AD Another English Act was passed by the merchants in the English Ascendancy Parliament to ban the export of Irish cattle, milk, butter and cheese, again.

      Petitioners and Abhorrers were for and against the Exclusion Bill, which saw the beginning of the English political Party system and the English House of Lords rejected the Exclusion Bill.

     Sanquhar Declaration in which the Scottish Covenanters disowned Charles 11, followed by the Battle of Aird's Moss at Ayshire in Scotland where the Covenanter leader, Richard Cameron was killed.

1681 AD Donald Cargill was executed in Scotland.

1683 AD Anne the Episcopalian reared non - Catholic second daughter of James the Catholic Duke of York married George the Prince of Denmark and although she was to have 18 pregnancies only one, William, was to survive who would never be physically well, who became the young Duke of Gloucester who later also died. The City of London charter was forfeited.

    The Rye House plot against Charles 11 was discovered and Algernon Sidney and Russell were executed.            John Sobieski now also relieved Vienna from the siege of the Muslim Turks.

1685 AD February: Charles 11 became a Catholic and died at 54 years of age, and in April: James 11 now 51 years of age became James V11 the King of Scotland and James 11 the fourth Stewart English Catholic King until 1688 AD, who was the third son of Charles 1st and Henrietta Maria of France, and there was a new policy of "Toleration" for all religions in England but one of Charles 11's illegitimate sons, the Duke of Monmouth proclaimed himself the King of England also and along with the Scottish Duke of Argyll, (who were both to be funded by the Dutch, began a two pronged rebellion in England that eventually failed at Sedgemoor, and both were executed. James 11 then tried to bring In religious equality to which the English Ascendancy Parliament objected and he dismissed them. A further 10,000 "foreign" Huguenot / French Calvinist planters arrived into Ireland from France this year. Judge Jeffreys ruled over the Bloody Assizes held in England. Richard Talbot the future Catholic Earl of Tyrconnell in Ireland was appointed the commander - in Chief in Ireland for James 11.

1687 AD Ireland's population now stood at 2,000,000. James 11 the Stewart Catholic King of England issued the "Second Declaration of Indulgence" to promote religious equality and he now appointed Richard Talbot, the future Catholic Earl of Tyrconnell, the Lord Deputy / Viceroy in Ireland.

1688 AD 7 of the Ascendancy Episcopalian Bishops in England were acquitted of opposing James 11's policy of religious toleration. June 10th: James 11 the Stewart Catholic King of England produced a son, James Francis Edward Stewart / Old Pretender, which upset a group of powerful Ascendancy nobles in England who are known as the "Immortal Seven" who invited William of Orange to invade England and take over the English monarchy from James 11 to maintain the Ascendancy. November: William of Orange the Dutch non - Catholic ruler of Holland arrived at Torbay in England with 24,000 troops, and the merchants in the English Ascendancy Parliament were to put him in as the new Dutch King of England. December: James 11 tried to flee to France, but was captured, and eventually escaped to the protection of his cousin, Louis X1V in France.

1689 AD The Ascendancy Parliament in England declared that James 11 had abdicated. April: The Glorious Revolution - William 111 of Orange and James 11's daughter Mary, were inaugurated jointly as the monarchs of England, and Mary was to be Queen of England until her death in 1694 AD, and a Bill of Rights was passed by the English Ascendancy Parliament restricting the English monarchy to their consent, therefore making them financially dependant on the merchants in the Parliament. James 11 went to Ireland to gain Irish support and the Scottish Parliament declared that James 11 has forfeited the Scottish Crown also. The Duke of Schomberg the Dutch General Marshall also landed in Ireland with 10,000 Williamite soldiers to support William of Orange and the Siege of Derry was to occur in Ireland. Toleration Act passed in England. The Battle of Killiecrankie and Claverhouse / Viscount Dundee killed in Scotland. James 11's forces were defeated in the Battle of Newtown Butler in Ireland. Bill of Rights was passed in England. 9 Bishops including Sancroft of Canterbury and 400 clergy left the Ascendancy Church of England as they could not take an oath to William 111 of Orange as they were bound to James 11. This High Church / Low Church schism was now to last until 1805 AD and was to weaken the Ascendancy Church of England.

1690 AD William of Orange landed in Ireland at Carrickfergus together with 36,000 men and the Battle of the Boyne occurred and James 11's Irish forces were defeated and he fled to France and the Duke of Schomberg the Dutch General, was killed. The First siege of Limerick in Ireland by William of Orange and the Williamite forces destroy more churches then Oliver Cromwell had done previously.

     The Scottish Parliament abolished the Lords of the Articles and Lay Patronage and re - established Presbyterianism and become the real power in Scotland.

1691 AD Ginkel the Dutch General captured Athlone in Ireland for William of Orange, and in the Battle of Aughrim defeated St. Ruth the French General who was killed, who had an Irish force of 14,000 men, with some going to protect Galway in the Connacht Province and the others to Limerick in the Munster Province. The City of Galway surrendered and made an agreement with Ginkel. The Second Siege of Limerick occurred later this year and the "Violated Treaty of Limerick" was agreed to by Patrick Sarsfield / Lord Lucan on behalf of James 11 and the Irish forces. The Williamite Wars end in Ireland with more confiscation of Irish land and repression, with further sectarian violence with new Irish Penal Laws introduced by the Ascendancy who were now once again completely in control in Ireland also. (The Latin for James was Jacobus, which led on to the term of Jacobites who became the ongoing supporters of James 11).  Lord Gormanston the Viscount of Ireland refused to give up his Catholic faith and Lord Dillon took over.

1692 AD  The Anglo - Irish Ascendancy Parliament was closed down by the English Deputy, and the massacre of Glencoe was carried out in Scotland.

1694 AD December: Mary the Queen of England, died at 32 years of age, and William of Orange ruled on his own, but was not popular, and she had left no Ascendancy heir. The High Church of England / Catholic could not accept William of Orange 111 as the King of England. (At this time England was in an alliance with the Dutch and the Austrians against Louis X1V the Catholic King of France).

1695 AD  Freedom of the Press was finally established in England and further anti - Catholic legislation was passed in Ireland by the Ascendancy.

1697 AD The Anglo - Irish Ascendancy Parliament refused to ratify the Articles of the "Violated Treaty of Limerick" as agreed to previously with Patrick Sarsfield and sectarianism became even worse in Ireland under the Ascendancy.

1698 AD An Act, was passed by the merchants again in the English Ascendancy Parliament "To forbid the export of Irish woollen goods to any Country whatsoever," and the previously introduced "foreign" planters in Ireland and their families also began to further emigrate to America, while Molyneux in the Anglo - Irish Ascendancy Parliament declared that "England had no right to make laws for Ireland."

1699 AD Another English Woollen Goods Act prohibiting the export of woollen goods from Ireland, was instituted by the merchants in the English Ascendancy Parliament, and due to all of this ongoing commercial oppression also Irish Nationalism was now being muted in Ireland.

   John Kirgaun of Mousehole in Cornwall formed a group to promote the Cornish Celtic language.

1700 AD The population in Ireland was now at 2,000,000. An Act of Resumption was passed in the English Parliament to resume all Irish land that had previously been granted by William of Orange to his followers.

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