1801 - 1805 AD
1800's
New lettings with
shorter leases to ensure increased rents were now instituted by the Land Lords
on
the
tenant farmers in Ireland,
or to work the land for one life - 21 or
31 years was from now
on
to be the trend.
1801
AD The population of
Ireland
was now firmly around
5,000,000
January 1st:
The Immoral
Union of
Ireland with England,
by the British Conservative Tory Government
under
William "Bottomless" Pitt
- the Younger,
came into effect as the
United Kingdom of Great Britain
and
Ireland with
the
Ascendancy
Anglo - Irish
Parliament "abolished" after
500 years of
not actually
representing the majority of the
people in Ireland anyway, although the
Catholic
Irish
were still hoping for some relief from their previous
oppression with the previous "promise" of Catholic Emancipation
by William "Bottomless" Pitt - the Younger. The Immoral Union was
based on 8
Articles, with the
5th
one of these being the uniting of the
Ascendancy Church of England and the
Ascendancy of the Church of England / Ireland and there were to
be 4
Spiritual
non - Catholic
Lords, and
28
non - Catholic
Temporal Lords, together with
100 non - Catholic M.P.'s in this new
combined Ascendanccy Parliament who would represent the
Ascendancy only in
Ireland, with
2 of these from each
County. Another
2 were Aswcendancy
representatives were to be
from the Cities of
Dublin and Cork,
and one
each from
31 other cities and Boroughs, plus
1 from the
Ascendancy University of Dublin / Trinity College. It
was considered that these
100
Ascendancy Anglo - Irish members would be
"lost" in the numbers
anyway, as there was
660
Ascendancy members all up in the
British House of Commons at
Westminster. Although the
Immoral Union
had come into effect, the British
Government's Ascendancy Dublin Castle authorities were still
left
in control in
Ireland under their
British Lord Lieutenant and
the British Chief Secretary, who
were to continue to carry out their oppressive policies in the interests only of the
British Imperial Tory Government and the merchants
in the Ascendancy Parliament who really ran things.
William
"Bottomless" Pitt
- the Younger the Tory Prime Minister, and
Robert Stewart his
British Chief Secretary in
Ireland, resigned their
positions
after the British Ascendancy Cabinet, and
especially German
George 111 the
Hanoverian King of Britain refused to bring forward their
previous promise of
Catholic
Emancipation as once again this was
to be the usual
English form on
any of their
promises, and once again the message was the same,
although it had been promised to them for supporting the
Immoral Union. (If the Catholic
Irish wanted any reform
at all, they would once again have to
physically fight for it.) A new
British Tory Ascendancy Imperial Cabinet
was then formed, under Lord Henry
Addington until 1804 AD, which also meant the end of any further chance for
Catholic Emancipation.
May:
William "Bttomless" Pitt
- the Younger,
despite his previous promises soon swung in behind the new
British Ascendancy Ministry again,
which definitely bought no further hope also for
Catholic Irish Emancipation, as it seemed he had also promised
German George 111 the
Hanoverian King of Britain that he would not try to introduce
any further Catholic reform during his lifetime and was taken back into
the fold.
Matters were now
some what reversed, as the ruling
Ascendancy
minority in Ireland,
realising now that the Irish Catholic majority
would receive no rights to vote or be represented in the Westminster Parliament, now
swung the other way, and were all now for supporting the
Immoral Union, with the certain
knowledge that the British Imperial Conservative Tory Government would continue to maintain the
overall
Ascendancy position in the new British Ascendancy Government and
Parliament. The
Catholic
Irish
majority, on the other hand in Ireland, who had hoped
eventually for
justice and equality, by supporting it, now realised that there was
no hope at all, and they were by now well and truly against
the
Immoral Union.
This further provocation
was to also finally have an effect on the overall
total
Catholic Irish population, but only slowly, until they were finally able
to once again unite in a common cause, with the non
- Catholics in Ireland who
were also to be, mostly, not
part of the ruling
minority Ascendancy, and they too would be hoping to achieve some of
their rights in the future in 1829 AD,
as they continued on with their goal of
Catholic Emancipation (Parliamentary
representation for the majority in Ireland.)
There was still great strife throughout the rural areas, as matters continued to deteriorate further, with political discontent and insecurity as further coercive measures were still to be introduced by the British Conservative Imperial Government's Dublin Castle authorities in the Devil's 1/2 Acre on the whole of the general population in Ireland.
Maria
Edgeworth,
who was the third
eldest child, out of the 22 children
of her parents, and who had been born at
Black Bourton in Oxfordshire,
wrote the first Irish
Novel called, "Castle Rack
Rent," describing the harsh treatment meted out to the
tenants in Ireland
by the "Absentee" Land Lords and their agents and the Land Lords who
still lived in Ireland on their Estates.
Charles Tottenham, the English Marquis of Ely was given further personal rewards, for his part in the schme of things and became Baron Loftus of Long Loftus in England.
1802 AD
One ray of hope for an improved standard
of life for all of the population in Ireland, occurred when Thomas Drummond,
became the British Tory Government's Under - Secretary
in
Ireland, and began to clip the wings of the
"Orange Society / Order," who had
previously gained immense prominence, and therefore
greater arrogance over the lives of the Irish
Catholics in Ireland and although in reality they had been made
use of by the previous British Conservative Governments because of their continuing
"siege
mentality" to create further pressure to bring about the
Immoral Union, but their "used by date" had
now arrived for the present as in reality they were
despised by the hard - line non - Catholics
in the Ascendancy who were actually the real one's with overall authority. Thomas Drummond at
first dismissed
Colonel
James Verner
for his outright "sectarianism" in
the Ulster Province and
also t
"Napper" Tandy, the Irish Patriot, was at this time released from prison, on the personal representation of Napoleon Bonaparte, who Thomas Addis Emmet the previous secretary of the United Irishmen Society, had desperately tried to convince to remove the English yoke from Ireland for ever.
Edward
Rice, a merchant in Ireland founded the
Christian Brothers
in
Co. Wexford
in the south - east of Southern Leinster to provide
increased education for the Irish
Catholic youth.
1803 AD
Sir
Arthur Wellesley the English first Duke of Wellington,
who had been born in
Dublin,
and
educated at Eton in
England,
was the son of the English Earl of Mornington,
whose family had lived in
Ireland
for 200 years,
and he
had previously also sat in the Ascendancy
Anglo - Irish Parliament, and was now appointed the
British
Tory Chief
Secretary in
Ireland, and
William Plunkett who had previously also been
against the introduction of the Immoral Union
was
appointed the British Tory Solicitor - General
in
Ireland.
Thomas Russell, who was one of the leaders of the United Irishmen, was arrested in Dublin by the British Government's Dublin Castle authorities, and then hung at Downpatrick in Co. Down in the south - east of the Ulster Province, while another member Archibald Hamilton Rowan was pardoned, and settled down in Co. Down, while Arthur O Connor, another member of the United Irishmen, was released from prison.
Through the terrible ongoing religious
repression,
that also occurred in
England, which had removed all of the English Catholic rights to
their property there, and by doing so taken away their civil rights under English Common Law, their numbers had been reduced
to an average of
3
Catholics to
every
14 who
were by now also non - Catholics,
while in
Ireland, the
Irish
Catholics were
still averaging,
3 to
every
1 of the non - Catholics,
despite the terrible things that had been done to them, along with the numerous confiscations of their territories and property, and the
many attempts at non - Catholic plantation by those in the Ascendancy in England
and Ireland.
England and France resumed their War.
July
8th: Frederick Hervey, the flamboyant English
Lord of Bristol, and Ascendancy Church of England Bishop of Armagh, who had tried in vain to
bring about Catholic Emancipation in Ireland, died at
63 years of age in Italy,
and was interred at Ickworth in Suffolk in England.
July 23rd: Robert Emmet, was a non - Catholic, and the younger brother of Thomas Addis Emmet the previous secretary of the United Irishmen Society who had escaped to America where he became a lawyer, and Robert Emmet too had been educated at Trinity College, and had been basically driven out of there for his ideas of "free speech" for all, by John "Black Jack" Fitz Gibbon / Lord Clare the hard - line anti - Catholic, who had acted as the main British Conservative Tory Government's "Undertaker and Placeman" in Ireland. By now, Robert Emmet too, had spoken with Napoleon Bonaparte in regard to bringing about Independence for Ireland, and to this end also he became the new leader of the remaining United Irishmen who were still active in Ireland and he desperately wanted to also revive the spirit of unity among all of the population of Ireland, and with his brother he had endeavoured to once again carry out another Irish Uprising, even down to printing a proclamation on the creation of an Irish Republic. A week before this, he had planned to carry out his proposed Irish Uprising with his 2,000 followers against the British Imperial Tory Government's Dublin Castle (The Devil's 1/2 acre), but the British Military forces had since confiscated his press, on which he was printing his Irish Republican hand bills and to cap it off his arms depot then blew up in Dublin, and he was by this date becoming desperate, so he decided to go ahead with the rising anyway. He read out his Proclamation to create an Irish Republic at Crossgar in Co. Down in the south - east of the Ulster Province, with the intention of seizing the British Imperial Government's headquarters in Dublin Castle, but he could only gather together 80 of his followers who were mainly only armed with pikes, and with Michael Quigley and Stafford by his side, they began their attack on the area surrounding the Dublin Castle, where he rallied his men with the cry of, "Turn out my boys, turn out, now is the time for Liberty." Within a few hours, his particular Irish Uprising was totally out of control, so he tried to call a halt to it all, and a retreat to Co. Wicklow in the south - east of Southern Leinster, hoping to try and join up with Michael Dwyer to fight another day, as United Irishmen such as Henry Howley / Anraoi Ua hUallaigh, who had previously witnessed the atrocities carried out against them in 1798 AD by the British Imperial Government authorities in Ireland, were by now determined to fight on regardless of what might come their way. During the conflicts that ensued and among the panic some of Robert Emmet's followers were to kill Lord Kilwarden the British Chief Justice in Ireland, who had been heading to the Dublin Castle for his own safety. Robert Emmet would be arrested by Major Henry Sirr a few weeks later and a further 2,086 people were then arrested in Ireland by the British Conservative Government's Dublin Castle authorities regardless of their involvement in the political situation or not, and whether they were United Irishmen or not, and they were then transported to Australia this year, with 40% of these basically on a political basis, as the Habeus Corpus Act was suspended again in Ireland by the British Tory Government.
The Christian Brothers, founded by Edward Rice, constructed their first monastery in Co. Wexford in the south - east of Southern Leinster to educate Irish Catholic youths at Waterford in Co. Waterford in the south - east of the Munster Province. -
Daniel O Connell "The Liberator," now began his democratic campaign in earnest to obtain the right to vote / Emancipation for Irish Catholics so that something could be done to bring to an and never - ending oppression and senseless violence cause by the continuing oppression of all things Irish.
September: Those United Irishmen involved in the desperate attack on the British Conservative Tory Government's Dublin Castle, were hoping at that time that their actions might now bring forth a general Irish Uprising by the population in Ireland, but it did not happen, and during the trial of Robert Emmet he was to make the following request, "That no man was to write my epitaph until this Country takes her place among the Nations of the Earth." To make an example of him, the British Conservative Government's Dublin Castle authorities, had him taken out and hung in front of St. Catherine's Church in Thomas Street, Dublin, and his body was then torn apart, and his remains were interred in St. Michan's Church in Dublin while Sarah Curran, his sweetheart, was the daughter of John Philpot Curran the lawyer from Newmarket who had previously defended the Irish Republicans, including "Napper" Tandy, the Sheares brothers and Theobold Wolfe Tone. After the recent executions of the of the United Irishmen, he threw his daughter out of his home, and she later married Captain Henry Sturgeon an English Officer, and was to die only five years later at 26 years of age, and was interred in the Curran family vault at Newmarket. Robert Emmet, prior to his execution had been refused permission to give his reasons for his actions during the trial, and so he had then written a letter to William Wickham the British Chief Secretary in Ireland, who was to greatly change his perspective, personally, on the cause of the political problems in Ireland, even to thoughts of resigning his commission and retiring from British Imperial Government public service altogether.
October: Thomas Russell, who was the last of the leaders of the United Irishmen, was convicted this month, and hung in Downpatrick Jail in Co. Down in the north - east of the Ulster Province, and Michael Dwyer from Co. Wicklow in the south - east of Southern Leinster, who was not involved in the Dublin Castle attack, was offered terms of surrender to be also transported to Australia with his family, which he rejected and a sum of 500 pounds was then put on his head.
December 14th: Michael Dwyer, was finally convinced to surrender to William Hume, the Land Lord of the Humewood Estate there in Co. Wicklow in the south - east of Southern Leinster, on condition his life would be spared.
December 30th:
Lord Hardwicke, the British Tory Government's Lord Lieutenant in
Ireland, who was against trial by Martial Law decided that Michael Dwyer would be
transported as a felon and a convict to New South Wales
in Australia also.
William Smith - O Brien,
was born at
Dromoland Castle in
Co.
Clare
in the north - west of the Munster Province, whose father was
Sir Edward O Brien, an English
Ascendancy
Baronet,
who had married
Charlotte Smith, the daughter
of a
financially secure commoner,
William Smith who was a
Land Lord and a lawyer, who
had previously held mortgages over the
O Brien's castle at
Dromoland, which he had then waived and
William Smith - O Brien, was to be their second son, who was educated at Cambridge, Kent and Harrow in England, and
Trinity College
in Ireland, but despite this he too was to do his bit for
Ireland regardless of
his previous English Conservative Ascendancy upbringing and he
was also a direct male line descendant of *105.Brian
Boru the previous
175th High King of Ireland.)
1804 AD January 9th: Jack Byrne, a companion of John Mernagh, the last of Michael Dwyer's men, also surrendered in Co. Wicklow in the south - east of Southern Leinster to General Beresford, who was in charge of the Co. Wicklow offensive against the Irish forces there.
January 17th: Michael Dwyer, was interrogated in Dublin Castle where he stated that the outbreak in Co. Wicklow in 1798 AD was caused when the people there were informed that the "Orangemen" there intended to murder all of them, and when the British Military forces were also sent into there, the people fled in panic and he also told them that Arthur Devlin and Jemmy Hope, had arranged a meeting with Robert Emmet for him, but he and Arthur Devlin had taken no part in the rebellion while Arthur Devlin refused to be interrogated and was made to walk around the Dublin Castle yard for several days to give the impression that he was an informer, so as to put pressure on St. John Mason and his companion Cloney / Ua Cluanaigh.
February 19th: John Mernagh, was also captured at the home of James Doyle, and put in the jail at Naas in Co. Kildare in Central Southern Leinster, and then into Kilmainham Jail in Dublin, where he also refused to be interrogated.
February 20th: William Wickham, the British Imperial Government's Chief Secretary in Ireland, who was against Martial Law, had resigned his position by now, and was to leave Ireland, and he was replaced by Sir Evan Nepean who in 1778 AD had been responsible for setting up the Penal Colony of Botany Bay in Australia and William Wickham gave as his reasons for resigning, "I hereby repeat, that no consideration on earth could induce me to remain after having maturely reflected on the contents of the letter he received from Robert Emmet, "For in what honours or other earthly advantages could I find compensation for what I must suffer were I again compelled by an official duty to persecute to death men capable of thinking and acting like Robert Emmet has done in the last moments for making an effort to liberate their Country from grievances, the existence of many, of which none can deny, and which I myself acknowledge to be unjust, oppressive and un - Christian. "
John Foster, the previous Ascendancy Anglo - Irish Speaker and Chancellor of the Exchequer, who had been against the Immoral Union, but had still received the most money for his position, was now reappointed by the British Conservative Government as the Chancellor of the Exchequer in Ireland.
Martello / Mortella Towers were now erected at Killiney / Cill Leinin (The Church of the Daughters of Leinin) against the chance of attack by the French along the Dublin coast, from Bray to Ireland's Eye, for cosmetic purposes to appear ready for any French Invasion.
Colonel Hall, operated a Copper mine at the Ros Peninsular in Co. Kerry in the south - west of the Munster Province for 4 years, until it was flooded.
General
Joseph Holt
a previous cohort of Michael Dwyer, who had taken
over his men in Co. Wicklow and then surrendered had also since been
exiled to
Botany Bay in Australia,
and this year he was to be reluctantly involved in the Insurrection in
New
South Wales, due to the oppression still
being carried out there by the British Imperial Government and it too
became known also as the "Battle of
Vinegar Hill,"
named after the
Irish Insurrection site were the
original battle
had occurred in Ireland on June
1st in 1798 AD, and
dozens of
Irish
men
there in Australia,
were once again also hung, and he was sent to
the north of Australia to
Norfolk Island
a thousand miles off the coast
1805
AD A petition for
Catholic Emancipation (The Right to vote and
be represented in the Parliament) was instituted in
Dublin, supported by
Daniel O
Connell "
The Liberator,"
who was to push for it's introduction in the
Westminster Parliament over the
next 15 years, until he
was to gain
complete control over the matter and the removal
of the insidious payment of
the "enforced"
Tithes
to the Ascendancy Church
of England, and was to win over to his side the Catholic
priests.
Henry Grattan, the aged Irish Patriot and Statesman, made a return to politics this year, by gaining the seat of Malton in England, and brought forward the question once more in the Westminster Parliament, for the right of Catholics to be represented in the Parliament