1831 - 1835 AD

1831 AD The population of Ireland had by now risen to approximately 7,7000,000.

   The yearly 40 / - Shilling Leases = 2 pounds (for Irish tenant farmers to qualify to vote,) was now increased "officially" to 10 pounds, by the British Imperial Conservative Government in England, which did as they expected by severely reducing the numbers in Ireland down to 92,000 / or just over 1% of the population, and meant that the Irish tenants on smaller holdings had now lost their value to the Land Lords, as far as for voting purposes, (The Irish tenant farmers were now the very lowest in the society (Scalpeens -  penny scythes), who were now trying to exist on "wastelands" in the mountains and bogs.) Also the Conacre ½ = 2 acres, now lasted for one season only, with the growing of potatoes and oats, etc, with their potatoes stored in pits.

January 13th: To ensure that they succeeded further in their quest the British Imperial Government had the Marquis of Anglesey, the British Government Whig Lord Lieutenant in Ireland, "bann" all Irish Associations under any name whatsoever, and Daniel O Connell "T he Liberator"" was also arrested by their authorities in the Dublin Castle Government (The Devil's 1/2 acre), to try and stop his momentum in bringing about further reform for the population in Ireland.

     131.William - Smith O Brien, who had been educated at Trinity College and born at the Dromoland Castle of the Smith - O Briens in Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province, became the M.P. for Ennis there, and was to bring back some honour in his fight for Catholic Irish rights, to his Irish Heberian Ui mBriain ancestors who had previously gone over to the English Ascendancy side for their own personal survival and married English women of property.

March 21st: The Whig Government in England, now had a majority, with the the block votes of Daniel O Connell, who was still hoping for reform in being connected to them as the M. P. for Co. Clare in the Westminster Parliament as Lord John Russell, who was an Anglo - Irish non - Catholic, who had been the Tory Conservative M.P for Bandon in Co. Cork in Southern Munster until 1830 AD, had advocated Parliamentary reform, and the abolition of  the "enforced" Tithes to the Ascendancy Church of England / Ireland in the Westminster Parliament. Later on Lord John Russell was to become Viscount Palmerston, and join the Whigs / Liberals and eventually be elected their leader and British Liberal Prime Minister. The Marquis of Anglesey, the British Whig Lord Lieutenant in Ireland, now resigned in disgust with the Whig Government's continuing oppressive policies in Ireland and stated, "No one can expect a whole population to lie down and starve patiently, the Irish will do what they ought, if justice is done to them and if consideration of their miseries is not long delayed."

March: 21st: The 2nd Reading of the 1st Reform Bill was carried in the British House of Commons, by a majority of only 1.

April: A hostile Amendment was carried in the British Westminster Parliament in England.

April 22nd: The British Westminster Parliament was dissolved and a majority for reform were now elected under Sir Charles the second Lord Grey who would be the new British Whig Prime Minister until 1834 AD.

September: The non - denominational education system that was now being operated by the Kildara Place Society was transferred to their Commissioners for National Education, which was a newly appointed British Government Board, who were meant to represent the three main religious groups the Anglicans, the Catholic Irish and the Presbyterians.

October 8th: The unelected British Conservative controlled House of Lords "vetoed" the 1st Reform Bill, in its 2nd Reading.

December 14th: 2,000 Irish tenant farmer supporters clashed with 40 police who were carrying out the "enforced" Tithe Duty in Carrickshock in Co. Kilkenny in the south - west of Southern Leinster, with the Chief Constable and 16 of his men being killed and 70 people were wounded, and Daniel O Connell "The Liberator" was to represent 25 of the men who were there, who were put on trial later for murder, while 183 Police Disablement Pensions were paid out in an endeavour to obtain some partiality within the R.I.C police force in Ireland. 

1832 AD Churchtown in Co. Kerry in the south - west of the Munster Province was burnt down during the "White Boys" riots, which also saw the "last" public execution of a woman in Ireland.

    The seats that were now allowed for the Irish M.P. s in the British Westminster Parliament, had by now increased in number from 100 to 105, with the election of 5 further M.P.s there, but Daniel O Connell's plea to reintroduce the 40 / - Shilling / 2 pound Freeholders' "right to vote" was ignored, and the franchise in the boroughs was still kept at 10 pounds for the right to vote, which was to continue to "exclude" all those previously who had their rights taken away under Sir Robert "Orange" Peel.  

     Stanley, the English Earl of Derby, who was now the British Whig Chief Secretary, put forward a British Act to make "composition" of the enforced Tithe money payment compulsory, as due to the Tithe Wars, the British Imperial Government had granted the Ascendancy Church of England ministers in Ireland, 60,000 pounds allowance, in regard to the enforced Tithes that they considered were still owed to them by the general population in Ireland, who were really struggling by now to pay them and were in arrears. The British Whig Government authorities in the Dublin Castle, then began ruthlessly trying to collect the "enforced" Tithes themselves from the Irish tenant farmers, but after a month, even with their totally aggressive actions that they were now carrying out on the Irish population, they were only able to collect 12,000 pounds, and it had cost them 27,000 pounds to do so, while causing the Irish tenants and their families a lot of heartache and misery. According to their calculations, there was still a further 1,000,000 pounds outstanding on these proscribed "Tithes," while at the same time by their actions, they had further alienated the majority of the population in Ireland. Their resolve in this matter on behalf of the Ascendancy Church of England / Ireland, also revived the "Secret Societies" who were to act in defence of the Irish tenant farmers and their families, and also those tenants who either refused to pay or could not possibly pay, began to gather together in large crowds in such a common cause. Lord Charles Grey, the British Whig Prime Minister in England, was forced to report to the "unelected" British Ascendancy House of Lords,who had the "veto" over any decisions by the Westminster parliament that in relation to these "enforced" Tithes to the Ascendancy Church of England / Ireland in Ireland, 242 people had been killed, while there were another 300 attempted killings, and many hundreds of assaults had been carried out.  Lord John Russell the first Earl Russell called the Reform Bill the "final one" commonly known as John's Finality.

    Daniel O Connell's Irish Repeal Association set up to repeal the Immoral Union with Britain, and give Ireland its own Parliament and Government, excited the population in Ireland, who could now see a light at the end of the tunnel, and this was now to stop the lawless insurrections up until 1844 AD, as the Secret Societies became more subdued now, with some hope of democratic justice for the majority of the population in Ireland. 

June 7th: Sir Charles Grey, the second Earl Grey, who was now the Whig Prime Minister in England, brought in the Reform Act, after he threatened to resign if William IV the German Hanoverian British King, did not increase the total number of Peers to bring about change in the "unelected" Conservative Ascendancy controlled House of Lords, who still had the "veto" over all legislation in the Westminster Parliament as they had once again "rejected / vetoed" his reform measure to spread the voting rights, and this particular action was to lead on to the beginning of the actual "Liberal Party," finally coming into being and replacing the more Conservative Whigs. 

     During this year there was another terrible Cholera outbreak, which further stimulated the migration to North America, with half of those going from the Ulster Province, and also increasing further migration from the Connacht Province, the Leinster Province and the Munster Province.

   At this time, James Fintan Lalor, the father of Australia's Peter Lalor who was to be involved in the Insurrection at the "Eureka Stockade" there, and a son of  Patrick Lalor from the Gaelic Milesian Irian Sept, was to be the M.P. for Co. Offaly, in their original territory in the mid - west of Southern Leinster until 1835 AD.

   Cornelius O Brien, a Land Lord with 10,000 acres, was to also be the Liberal M.P. for Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province, in the Westminster Parliament until 1847 AD, taking over from Daniel O Connell in representing the "The Banner County" / Co. Clare and by now 131.William - Smith O Brien now 30 years of age from Co. Clare had served in the Westminster Parliament until 1832 AD when the Reform Bill was passed

   The second English Earl of Dunraven, began constructing Adare Manor, and was to finish it in 1862 AD, and the third Earl of Dunraven was to also later on construct the village of Adare in Co. Limerick in the north - west of Munster.

  The Catholic Cistercian monks returned to Ireland at Mt. Melleray in Co. Waterford in the south - east of Munster, and the Catholic Jesuit Order constructed St. Francis Xavier's Church in Dublin in the north - east of Southern Leinster.

   Michael Collins the Heberian Eoghanacht Ui Fidgeinti Bishop of Cloyne, died whose namesake would play a major part in the future Century in bringing about Irish Freedom.                      

1833 AD Daniel O Connell "The Liberator" wanted to bring about, the total abolition of the "enforced" Tithes to the Ascendancy Church of England / Ireland that was being imposed on all of the Irish tenant farmers who were on on all of the Land Lords' Estates, and a reduction in the Ascendancy Established Church of England itself, and a change in the way magistrates were selected, but instead the Whig Imperial Government in England under Sir Charles Grey, only cancelled the Tithes to the Ascendancy Church of England / Ireland, and converted their arrears into a "rent charge," and only rationalised the Ascendany Church of England / Ireland.

February: At this time, there were 4 Ascendancy Church of England Archbishops, 18 Ascendancy Bishops and 1,400 Ascendancy clergy to be maintained in Ireland for what amounted to only 1/10th of the adherents in the population, as in some areas there were no adherents at all, and there was therefore a continuing non - compliance by the Irish tenant farmers and their families over the collection of the "compulsory" Tithes in Ireland to support the Ascendancy Established Church of England. The Catholic Irish and other Dissenters / non  Conformists had been previously "forced" to pay up for Centuries, but had finally made a determined stand over the denial of the previously promised Catholic Emancipation. This had then given them the courage to seek further reforms, and Sir Charles Grey / second Lord Grey the British Whig Prime Minister, weighing it all up was forced to introduce a Reform Bill for the Ascendancy Established Church of England / Ireland, that saved 70,000 pounds a year. Stanley / Lord Derby the British Chief Secretary in Ireland left Ireland and his position in Ireland under the Marquis of Anglesey the British Lord Lieutenant in Ireland.

      Cornwall Lewis, commented that, "The rural authority had failed, and the Secret Societies were like Trade Unions, protecting the Irish peasantry." The official view, was more towards reforming the British Government's Dublin Castle's R.I.C Police, and they introduced the Police Prevention / Coercion Act, which was to last one year, and was very "severe" on the Irish population, and the Marquis of Anglesey the British Lord Lieutenant in Ireland, was further empowered to "suppress" all public meetings in Ireland, and declare any of the 32 Counties to be under "British Martial Law." Daniel O Connell, denounced this policy of the Whig Government in Britain, that was to be carried out in Ireland against the Irish population as base and brutal, but James Warren Doyle, the Catholic Archbishop of Kildare & Leighlin, gave it his support, fearing total mayhem otherwise due to the prevailing conditions, while Edward Bulwer, informed the Westminster Parliament that," This quick alternation of kicks and kindness is a system that would make the most credulous people distrustful and the mildest, ferocious."

July:  Richard Colley Wellesley, the second Earl of Mornington, the older 73 year old brother of Sir Arthur Wellesley the Duke of Wellington the former British Tory Prime Minister, was appointed the new British Lord Lieutenant in Ireland to replace the Marquis of Anglesey.

August: The Established Church Bill Temporalities Act, became British Law.

   The Poor Law in England, was reformed, and Richard Whateley the Ascendancy Church of England Archbishop of Dublin, was appointed as chairman to inquire into the need for a Poor Law in Ireland also, but it was not to finish its report until 3 years later in 1836 AD, as he personally had no time either for the Irish or Ireland itself, while Lord John Russell, introduced the 1st Irish Poor Law Bill into the Westminster Parliament in England.

   Robert Bermingham Clements the Land Lord, who now held the land of the O Raghnalls / O Reynolds  from the Gaelic Milesian Irian Conmaicne Magh Rein Muinter Eoluis / Eolais Sept, whose territory and kingdom had been on Lough Rynn at Mohill in Co. Leitrim in the north - west of the Connacht Province, that had been previously confiscated by the English Galls in 1621 AD under James 1st, was created Viscount Clements.

1834 AD Daniel O Connell "The Liberator" orced by pressures at home in Ireland, now introduced debate in the British House of Commons in the Westminster Parliament for the "Repeal " of the Immoral Union of Ireland with England, where he was defeated by 523 - 38 votes, so he continued on with his Repeal action in Ireland instead, and also began to co - operate further with the Whig Party again, to try and have some further influence over their outlook. 

     Lead, was discovered in Clooney - Quin  in Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province, with 18 mines beginning to operate, with the lead being sent to Wales to smelter.

   Work was now also begun on St. Andrew's Catholic Church in Dublin up to 1843 AD.

     John Mitchell, graduated with Thomas Davis from Trinity College in Dublin, and their cohort Martin became a Land Lord after inheriting the Aston Estate near Lochhome in Co. Down in the south - east of the Ulster Province.

May: Both John Mitchell and Martin joined the Irish Repeal Association before Thomas Francis Meagher / Maher, and John Mitchell was also contributing articles to the Irish Patriot newspaper, "The Nation."

June: A new Bill was introduced into the British Parliament at Westminster, to appropriate the "enforced" Tithe monies of the Ascendancy Church of England / Ireland, for secular purposes, and was supported by Lord John Russell, and this upset Stanley / Lord Derby, and he along with 3 other members in the British Cabinet left the Whig Ministry.

July: Sir Charles Grey / second Lord Grey, then resigned as the Whig Prime Minister in England, as he also had ahead of him the renewal of the "Coercion Act" in Ireland, and Sir Robert "Orange" Peel was to be re - installed as the new Conservative Tory Prime Minister, but after only a few weeks he too also resigned from the position and William Lamb, the second Viscount Melbourne, was to become the new Conservative Whig Prime Minister in England, off and on, until 1838 AD, with a newly constructed Cabinet for a few months, when all of the "slaves" in the British Imperial Empire were freed. Daniel O Connell with both the second Lord Grey and Stanley / Lord Derby out of the Whig Cabinet, became more closely associated with the Whigs.

December: Sir Robert "Orange" Peel, took over once again, as the new British Prime Minister of the Conservative Tory Government in England until 1835 AD.  

    An Act was passed in the British Westminster Parliament, (for Great Britain only,) to allow all "ratepayers" the right to vote in Municipal Corporation elections.

    The Dublin to Kingstown Railway became the first one in Ireland.

   The first Irish Catholic hospital of St. Vincent's, was founded by the Sisters of Charity, who were to run six such hospitals in the Dublin area in the north - east of Southern Leinster.  

   James Warren Doyle / JKL  who had been born in 1786 AD the Augustinian priest, who had become the Bishop of Kildare & Leighlin, who was highly respected by all as a champion of Catholic Emancipation, died this year. (His Cathedral in Carlow in Co. Carlow in Southern Leinster had been completed 6 years previously in 1793 AD, situated next to St. Patrick's Seminary.

1835 The Ossory Catholic Diocese in the south - west of Southern Leinster, became one of 5 comprising the ecclesiastical province of Dublin taking in the greater part of Co. Kilkenny, the whole of the Barony of Ossory in Co. Offaly, and the parish of Seirkyran in Co. Laois in the mid - west of Southern Leinster.

March: Daniel O Connell "The Liberator" negotiated the "Lichfield House Compact" with the Whigs and the Radicals in the British Westminster Parliament, and then started to assist William Lamb / Lord Melbourne and Lord John Russell to build up the Whig majority, which gave him some influence over their policies in Ireland.

April: The Whigs, Radicals and Daniel O Connell's block vote, forced Sir Robert "Orange" Peel this year to resign as the Conservative Tory Prime Minister in England, when Lord John Russell in Opposition was successful in proposing a Bill to use part of the Ascendancy Church of England / Ireland "enforced" Tithes collected in Ireland for secular use and a "Whig Coalition" was in Government again, with William Lamb / Viscount Melbourne as the British Whig Prime Minister until 1841 AD, and Lord John Russell as the Home Secretary, who was directly responsible for Irish affairs. Daniel O Connell, was now expecting great reforms, and as a consequence backed off pushing the Repeal of the Immoral Union issue any further.

Summer: A Bill was passed in the British Westminster Parliament to use part of the "enforced" Tithes, for secular use, as proposed previously by Lord John Russell, and also to reform the Tithe System altogether, but the "unelected" Conservative Ascendancy controlled House of Lords in Westminster, wanted them prepared as separate Bills and they then accepted the reform of the Tithe System itself, but rejected the appropriation of the enforced Tithes, so the Whig Coalition Government abandoned the Bill altogether.

     The British Whig Government authority in the Dublin Castle in the Devil's 1/2 Acre, after 650 years of ongoing persecution in Ireland up until now, had finally became an ally to the majority Catholic Irish and Dissenters / non Conformists, due to the outstanding personal ability of Daniel O Connell "The Liberator" and the Liberals, as it was now under the control of Lord Mulgrave, who was the appointed British Lord Lieutenant in Ireland and he had Lord Morpeth as his Chief Secretary, and also more importantly appointed Thomas Drummond, a Scotsman, to be the Under Secretary, who was for impartiality by the administration, and tolerance, and Lord Mulgrave also removed Gossett as the Under - Secretary, who he saw as only a hindrance to any further progress in Ireland. Thomas Drummond, was now to reorganize the British Government's Dublin Castle R.I.C Police, to try and ensure "impartiality" up to 1840 AD, and Michael O Loughlin, a young associate of Daniel O Connell, was appointed to the Solicitor - General position and later on in the year to that of Attorney - General.  

     A Commission of Inquiry, was set up into the Municipal Corporations in Ireland, which were so badly run and in a bad state of affairs under the long Ascendancy control, but it was to be held up once again, by the "unelected" British Ascendancy controlled Conservative House of Lords in England and although there were 68 Corporate cities and Boroughs, which had been nominally open to the Catholic Irish since 1793 AD, in reality all were controlled by the Ascendancy, except one and the "unelected" Conservative Ascendancy controlled House of Lords, feared that the Catholic Irish might gain control over them, so any mention of reform was delayed for a further 5 years, and even then it was to be far less liberal then in England.

    Daniel O Connell's supporter Thomas Wyse, was now to be the M.P. for Co. Waterford in the south - east of the Munster Province until 1847 AD. and William Smith - O Brien now became the M.P. for Limerick in Co. Limerick in the mid - north - west of Munster until 1848 AD.  

   "Blind" Antony Rafferty / Antoine Ua Raithbheartaigh, died this year, and was to be the last poet / bard of Ireland and in 1903 AD Douglas Hyde, a non - Catholic who would become the 1st President of the Irish Republic, would collect his poems and songs to be published that year.

  Clontarf Castle at Clontarf in Co. Dublin in the north - east of Southern Leinster was rebuilt by Sir Richard Marmion. 

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