RAINBOW FARMS AUSTRALIA                                                     

                                                                                                                                                   13th Century AD           

                                                                                                                          1200 AD - 1650 AD was the Irish language period known as "Classical Modern."

      In the 13th Century AD the Celtic Cumbrian language was to die out.   

     During this Century the Heremonian Dal Cuinn "northern" Ui Niaill Cenel nEogain independant kingdom of Aileach would cease to exist in the Ulster Province and become more commonly directly known as the kingdom of Tir nEogain / Tyrone (The Land of 91.Eogain).  

     111.Donough Cairbreach / Cairprech O Brian the Heberian Dal gCais Ui Bloid Ui Turlough Ui mBriain King of Northern Munster / Thomond founded the Cistercian Kilcooley / Cill Cuile Abbey in Co. Tipperary in the north - east of the Munster Province were there still exists today a tomb of the Butlers / le buitleir the Teutonic Scandinavian Anglo - Norman Barons, and it was also a sister Abbey to the Jerpoint Abbey nearby in Co. Kilkenny in the Heremonian Ui Laoghaire Ui Connla Mac Gilla Patrick / Fitz Patrick kingdom of Ossory in the south - west of Southern Leinster adjoining Co. Tipperary. A Round Tower was built in the town of Kildare in Central Southern Leinster and a castle was constructed at Ferns in Co. Wexford by the Tuetonic Scandinavian Anglo - Normans, in the  south - east, against the Irish Septs there, which had once been the capital of Southern Leinster. (It too is now only a ruin). 

     Mac Carthy the Heberian Eoghanacht Chaisil King of Muskerry constructed the original Blarney Castle in Co. Cork in Southern Munster. 

     Burke Castle was also constructed by the Teutonic Scandinavian Anglo Normans, at Askeaton on the River Deel in Co. Limerick in the mid - north - west of the Munster Province against the Irish Septs there, and Killorglin Castle was finished by Maurice Fitz Thomas Fitz Gerald the Anglo - Norman Baron in Co. Kerry in the south - west of the Munster Province against the Irish Septs there, which he later gave over to the Tuetonic Scandinavian Knight Templars. An Anglo - Norman fortress was also constructed at Athlone in Co. Westmeath in the south - west of Northern Leinster, against the Irish Septs there, while the  Shrule Castle was also constructed by the Anglo - Normans in Co. Mayo in the mid - west of the Connacht Province for the same purpose.

     Teampall Ciaran / Kieran was constructed near the Holy Well / Tobar Ciaran of St. Kieran on Clear Island in Co. Cork in Southern Munster and a friary was constructed on the old Church site at Holy Wood in Co. Down in the south - east of the Ulster Province and Abbey Shrule, a Cistercian Abbey was also constructed, which is still there in ruins in Co. Longford in the north - west of Northern Leinster.

      The name of  the Heremonian Dal Cuinn 3 Colla kingdom of Orghialla / Airghialla was changed by the English into Oriel in Co. Louth in the north - east of Northern Leinster, and the area there was to be restored to Armagh in Co. Armagh in the Ulster Province.    

          Walter de Lacy, the Anglo - Norman Baron, was to be given back his previous position as the English Earl of Meath in Northern Leinster after King John "Lackland," who was the third Norman Plantagenet King in England, was forced to sign the Magna Charta, but his brother, Hugh de Lacy who had rightfully accused John " Lackland" of murdering his own nephew, Arthur of Brittany, the real heir - apparent to the English Crown, was not restored to the territory he previously controlled in the Ulster Province.       

    13th - 14th Century AD the initial borders of Co. Kilkenny in the south - west of Southern Leinster remained close to the borders of Ossory / Osraighe, except for the Leighlin parishes of Grangesilvia, Kilmacahill, Powerstown, Shankhill, Ullard and part of Wells (which were part of Co. Carlow / Catherlough there). Tibberaghney to be was in the south - west in Co. Tipperary in the north - east of the Munster Province, with Clandonagh, Clarmallagh and Upper Woods in Co. Laois in the mid - north - west of Southern Leinster.

   During the 13th, 14th and 15th Century AD the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Ui Felim Dal Cuinn "northern" Ui Niaill Cenel nEogain O Nialls who were descended from 91,Eogan the 1st King of Aileach, who had been one of the sons of *90.Niall - of the Nine Hostages the 126th King of Tara / Ireland, were forced to do homage to the Anglo - Norman English Earl of Ulster while their close kinsmen the Heremonian Dal Cuinn "northern" Ui Niaill Cenel Conaill O Donnells in their kingdom of Tyrconnell / Tir Conaill (The Land of 91.Conall) now known as Co. Donegal / Dun na Gall (The Fort of the Foreigners), who were descended from his brother, 91.Conall Gulban the 1st King of Tyrconnell, did not, as they had their territory further to the west of Loch Neagh where their Cenel Conaill Chiefs were to continue to remain independent of the English Galls / foreigners.

     From the 13th - 16th Century AD many of the descendants of the Gaelic Milesian Heremonian Dal Cuinn "northern" Ui Niaill Septs and the Heremonian Dal Cuinn Colla Uais Highland Scots who had previously migrated to the Scottish Highlands were to return initially to the Ulster Province.

     During the 13th to the 17th Century AD the Anglo - Norman Butler's Ormonde Castle was constructed in Co. Tipperary in the north - east of the Munster Province, on the site of the original castle previously built at Roscrea against the Irish Septs there by John "Lackland" who had been the third Angevin Plantagenet Norman English King.

1204 AD France was to retake the regions of Anjou, Maine and Normandy in France back from John "Lackland" the erratic third Angevin Norman King of England and further upsetting the Anglo - Norman knights.

1205 AD Llywelyn ap Iorworth - the Great's main Celtic rival in Wales was Gwenwynwyn, the son of Owain, the Prince of Powys Gwenwynwyn, and to strengthen his support Llywelyn - the Great was to marry Joan the illegitimate daughter of King John "Lackland" the Angevin Norman King of England.

1208 AD John "Lackland" the third Angevin Norman King of England came into conflict with Gwenwynwyn who now saw himself as the true overall Prince of Wales, so John "Lackland" had him arrested and also confiscated his territory and he then allowed his son - in - law, Llywelyn - the Great to take over the territory in the Welsh kingdoms of Southern Powys and Northern Ceredigion, and Llywelyn - the Great then constructed a line of castles around his kingdom of Gwynedd.

      Pope Innocent 111 placed England under an Interdict, owing to the ongoing erratic behaviour of John "Lackland" the third Angevin Norman Angevin Plantagenet King of England,

1209 AD Llywelyn - the Great of Wales this year joined the campaign carried out by John "Lackland" the third Angevin Norman King of England, who was his father - in - law, against William 1st - the Lion the Heremonian King of Scotland.

    John "Lackland" the third Angevin Norman King of England was excommunicated by Pope Innocent 111 for his actions.

1210 AD Llywelyn - the Great was by now also in dispute with John "Lackland" the third Norman Angevin King of England, who was also his father - in - law, who then sent an English army to besiege his kingdom of Gwynedd with the support of the other Welsh Princes, and Llywelyn's Welsh forces were defeated and his territory to the east of the River Conwy was confiscated and hostages were taken and he also imposed a tribute of 20,000 head of cattle and 40 horses, and in the future he also agreed to leave all of his territory to John "Lackland" the Norman King of England, if he died without an heir, from King John's daughter, Joan. The other Welsh Princes becoming aware of this then reneged on their alliance with John "Lackland" and joined in with Llywelyn - the Great. Pope Innocent 111 who had placed John "Lackland" and England under an Interdict then officially also released the Welsh Princes from their previous allegiance to the erratic King John "Lackland."

       The Franciscan Order of Grey Friars were founded by St. Francis of Assisi.                                                                                                                                    

1212 AD By now Llywelyn - the Great had recovered most of the kingdom of Gwynedd back and he then sent off a letter to Philip 11 the King of Spain declaring the Welsh Princes commitment to the Treaty between France and Wales against the ongoing English oppression carried out by the erratic John "Lackland" the Norman English King who was to kill 28 Welsh Princes who were sons of the Welsh Chiefs who he was holding as hostages, because of this Welsh Uprising.     

1213 AD Llywelyn - the Great captured the Deganwy and Rhuddlan castles in Wales, and allied with Philip 11 the King of France, and also the Teutonic Scandinavian Norman Marcher Barons who were now rebelling against the oppression of the erratic King John "Lackland" who then besieged Shrewsbury and captured the south of Wales and mid - Wales.

       John "Lackland" the Angevin Norman King of England finally had to submit to Pope Innocent 111.   

1214 AD William 1st - the Lion the Heremonian King of Scotland, died, and Alexander 11 became the new Heremonian King of Scotland until 1249 AD.

         John "Lackland" the Norman Angevin King of England now also lost the rest of the territory that he had still held in Normandy and Brittany in the Battle of Bouvines in France.

1215 AD Robert Fitz Walter was the leader of the Anglo - Norman Barons who introduced the Magna Charta due to the continuing erratic behaviour of John "Lackland" the Angevin Norman King of England, to try and limit his overall power as the King of England, which also acknowledged that the Celts in Wales. along with the Anglo - Norman Norman Marcher Barons there, and the territory that they held in Wales was ruled independently by the law of their own Lords.

         The Dominican Order of the Black Friars was founded by St. Dominic. 

1216 AD Llywelyn - the Great became the undisputed ruler in Wales, as the Prince of Aberffraw and Lord of Snowdon, even subjugating the Anglo - Norman Marcher Barons there.

 1216 AD The erratic King John "Lackland" died of dysentery, and his 9 year old son was to become Henry 111 the new Norman fourth Plantagenet King of England, until 1272 AD, whose mother was Isabella of Angouleme, with William - the Marshal the Anglo - Norman first Earl of Pembroke who was now set up in Ireland, along with the Anglo - Norman Baron Hubert de Burgh / Burke, to act as his Regents.

     Llywelyn - the Great now rode into the south of Wales at the head of the united Welsh Chieftains, leaving the Anglo Norman Barons with only a few footholds there.

1220 AD - 1230 AD During this time, Llywelyn - the Great as the overlord of Wales concluded the Treaty of Worchester with Henry 111 who was then the Anglo - Norman King of England and he constructed stone castles along the borders and became the "official" Prince of Aberffraw and Lord of Snowdon.

     The Holy Fire of St. Brigid at Kildare in Co. Kildare in Southern Leinster was extinguished. (Brigida had been the Celtic Guardian of mountain passes all throughout Europe.) while St. Brigid herself had been a Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Fotharta Irish Princess in the Leinster Province who had originally set up the first Nunnery there.

1221 AD The castle of Castell - y - Bere was constructed in the mountains of central Wales by Llywelyn - the Great.

1234 AD Llywelyn - the Great and Henry 111 the Tuetonic Scandinavian Norman King of England made the "Peace of Middle."

1237 AD Olaf - the Black, the Norwegian King of Man and the Isles, died, who was to be the original male line ancestor of the Clann Gunn in Scotland, while the Mac Leods were descended from his brother, Leod Olafson of Harris, while the Mac Phersons  (son of the parson) were to be descended from Celtic clergy.

1238 AD Llywelyn - the Great had the other Welsh Princes swear fealty to his only legitimate son, David / Dafydd.

1240 AD Llywelyn - the Great, died, and was interred at the Abbey of Aberconwy, and his son Dafydd became the Prince of Gwynedd and the new Welsh King, who sent Gruffydd, Llywelyn - the Great's second son, and his brother Owain, as prisoners to Henry 111 in England.

1243 AD There was another Welsh Uprising this year.

1244 AD Gruffydd died, while attempting to escape from a high window in the Tower of London, and his son, Llywelyn - the Last now fought alongside his uncle against the Anglo - Norman English.

1246 AD February: Dafydd the Welsh Prince of Gwynedd, died, leaving no heir, and Llywelyn - the Last and his uncle, Owain, made a truce with Henry 111 the Anglo - Norman King of England, and the Welsh kingdom of Gwynedd was divided between the 2 of them, but years of conflict were to still follow on as Llywelyn - the Last continued to expand his own territories there.

1249 AD Alexander 11, the Heremonian King of Scotland, died, and his 8 year old son became Alexander 111 the new Heremonian King of Scotland until 1286 AD, and Scotland was to be then run by a number of Regent nobles who were constantly in dispute with one another.

1250 AD The Celestine Order, that was founded by St. Celestine this year, who was also to become Pope Celestine V in 1294 and then resign the same year from the position, was a branch of the Benedictines, and the Order would come to an end in 1785 AD.

1251 AD Alexander 111 who was now the Heremonian King of Scotland married Margaret of England, the daughter of Henry 111 the Anglo - Norman King of England, who was to be a sister to the future Edward 1st, and they were to produce 3 children who were all to die before him, but once again their had been an increase of Anglo - Norman influence in Scotland.

1257 AD Another Welsh Uprising occurred under Llywelyn the son of Gruffydd.  

1262 AD Alexander 111 the King of Scotland who was now 21 years of age began to rule in his own right and also laid claim to the Western Isles from Haakon the King of Norway, which he was to eventually officially gain along with the Isle of Man under the "Treaty of Perth" in 1266 AD, while Norway was to retain the Orkney and Shetland Islands.

1263 AD Alexander 111 the Heremonian King of Scotland halted the Teutonic Scandinavian Viking's progress in the "Battle of Largs."

1263 AD Alexander 111 the King of Scotland besieged the Hebrides, which were still under Norwegian control.

1264 AD Henry 111 the Tuetonic Scandinavian Anglo - Norman King of England was now in dispute with the Anglo - Norman Barons, and Louis 1X  the King of France mitigated the issue and found for Henry 111, Simon de Montfort was to capture Henry 111 in the Battle of Lewes and gain control in England and called a Parliament.

1265 AD Simon de Montfort recognized Llywelyn - the Last as the Prince of Wales, but he was then defeated by Henry 111's son Prince Edward, who would become the future Edward 1st "Longshanks" the "Hammer of the Scots" in the Battle of Evesham, and the Welsh forces under Simon de Montfort were treated ruthlessly with great slaughter as they fled to a nearby church for sanctuary, both outside and in the church.

1266 AD Alexander 111 the Heremonian King of Scotland gained the right to buy the Hebrides from Norway in the "Treaty of Perth."

1267 AD Henry 111 the Teutonic Anglo - Norman King of England signed the "Treaty of Montgomery," and recognized Llywelyn - the Last, the son of Gruffydd, as the Prince of Wales provided he paid a very high tribute.

 1272 AD Henry 111 the Anglo - Norman King of England, died, and his son, Edward 1st "Longshanks" - the Hammer of the Scots was to be the new Norman fifth Plantagenet King of England until 1307 AD, who was the son also of Henry 111's second cousin, Eleanor of Provence who was from Castile in France, as both of them were descended from Henry 11. Llywelyn - the Last was to refuse to attend his coronation, refuse to do him homage, and refuse to pay him tribute, and thus became Edward 1st's enemy, while many of Llywelyn - the Last's Welsh enemies had also previously fled to England.

1273 AD Edward 1st "Longshanks" the Teutonic Scandinavian Norman King of England sent a letter to Llywelyn - the Last forbidding him to construct Dorforwyn Castle at Abermule near Montgomery in Wales, but he disregarded this prohibition as it was on his own land and the castle is still there today.

1274 AD Alexander 111 the Heremonian King of Scotland's wife, Margaret of England, died who was a sister to Edward 1st "Longshanks" the Tuetonic Scandinavian King of England.

1276 / 77 AD Llywelyn - the Last the Prince of Wales was to be declared a Welsh Rebel by Edward 1st "Longshanks" the Tuetonic Norman King of England who took an army of 15,600 men, including many disaffected Welsh Princes and Teutonic Scandinavian Norman Marcher Barons, who were all against Llywelyn's overall authority in Wales, and many of his Welsh allies at the time also broke ranks and joined in with Edward 1st who headed into the north of Wales through the Welsh forests and begun the construction of castles along the way wherever he camped, and also had his ships cut off Llywelyn - the Last's grain supply lines from Anglesey. Now only with his supporters from Gwynedd he was to be defeated and was forced to sign the "Treaty of Aberconwy" in which he had to submit to Edward 1st and lost many of his previous territories except Gwynedd.

1282 AD The Welsh Princes once again revolted against Edward 1st "Longshanks" the Teutonic Scandinavian Norman King of England and the Teutonic Scandinavian Norman Marcher Barons in their castles in Wales, under Llywelyn - the Last's brother, Dafydd, and Llywelyn - the Last joined in with them, and they headed south were they came into conflict with Roger Le Strange another of the Anglo - Norman Marcher Barons who was supported by archers who sent a hail of arrows onto the Welsh defenders near Orewin Bridge, where the River Yrfor joins in with the River Wye. The Norman English knights then charged the remaining Welsh defenders and Llywelyn - the Last was killed at Irfon Bridge near Builth Wells. where he was also beheaded and his head sent on to Edward 1st at Rhuddlan and then on to London for all in England to see, until it was mounted on a pole at the Tower of London. In the meantime Luke de Tany another Anglo - Norman knight, had constructed a pontoon bridge across the Menai Straight to Bangor hoping eventually to trap Llywelyn - the Last and his supporters there in the mountains of Snowdon, and as his men crossed over the bridge, they were ambushed by the Welsh defenders there, and as they then retreated back across the bridge to Anglesey many of the English forces were also drowned. While all of this was going on, Edward 1st was slowly taking the castles on the Welsh mainland, and Llywelyn - the Last's brother, Dafydd was handed over to Edward 1st by his own Welsh countrymen and Wales was now conquered and totally under direct Teutonic Scandinavian Norman English overall control with Gwynedd now declared English Crown Lands. Edward 1st then constructed a string of huge stone castles in Wales to impose his overall authority there and promised the Welsh that he would give them a Prince who could not speak English, and to this end he made his Anglo - Norman infant son, the future Edward 11, the Prince of Wales, which then became a long standing English tradition. that has continued right up until today. Llywelyn - the Last was therefore to be the last real Welsh Prince of Wales.

1284 AD Edward 1st "Longshanks" the Teutonic Scandinavian Norman King of England incorporated Wales into England under the "Statute of Rhuddlan."

       Margaret, the Maid of Norway was born who would be the infant heir to the Scottish throne from 1286 - 1290 AD.

1285 AD Alexander 111 the Heremonian King of Scotland married Yolande de Dreux. 

1286 AD Alexander 111 the Heremonian King of Scotland fell from his horse and over a cliff during bad weather in Fife and broke his neck and died as the last Scottish King of Gaelic Heremonian descent and he had named his grand daughter, Margaret / Maighread Fairhair the 3 year old Princess of Norway as his heir whose father was Erik 11 the Teutonic Scandinavian King of Norway and mother also Margaret. Alexander 111's daughter and the infant was now to be the nominated Queen of Scotland and Guardians were put in as her Regents. Robert Bruce the fifth Teutonic Scandinavian Norman Earl of Annandale - the Elder and his son Robert Bruce (who would later be the actual father of Robert - the Bruce the future Teutonic Scandinavian Norman King of Scotland) carried out a rebellion in the south - west of Scotland in anticipation of also gaining the throne of Scotland for himself being Gaelic on his maternal line. John Balliol another Teutonic Scandinavian Norman was also to be a strong claimant, for the same reason, while Edward 1st "Löngshanks" the Teutonic Scandinavian Norman King of England supported his young niece, the infant Margaret the Princess of Norway, intending to marry her off to his son, Edward the Teutonic Scandinavian Norman nominated Prince of Wales who would become the future complicated Edward 11. By this time the Lowlands of Scotland were well and truly dominated by Teutonic Scandinavian Anglo - Norman Landowners who held vast confiscated Estates there.

1290 AD The "Treaty of Brigham" was agreed upon between Scotland and Edward 1st, but the infant Margaret the Maid of Norway, died suddenly at Kirkwall in Orkney on her way to Scotland to be inaugurated and her remains were returned to Norway and interred at Bergen, and Scotland was to have no real monarch for the following 6 years as the 13 claimants to the throne of Scotland were to be in total conflict with the Scottish Lowlands now dominated by the Teutonic Scandinavian Anglo - Norman Landowners who were all descended from the Norman Knights of William - the Conqueror and they were increasingly gaining greater control over the politics in Scotland as opposed to the Gaelic Clansmen in the Scottish Highlands.

      Edward 1st "Longshanks" the Tuetonic Scandinasvian Norman King of England - The Hammer of the Scots, expelled the Jews from out of England. 

1291 AD Edward 1st "Longshanks" the Tuetonic Norman King of England was requested by the Scottish Regents to decide who should now be the King of Scotland, and of course he was to choose who he thought would be the most malleable to his will, and this was to be John Balliol, who was the son of wealthy Teutonic Scandinavian Norman English and Scottish nobles who also had vast estates in France. As the new King of Scotland. John Balliol made his particular claim through being the maternal great - great - great grandson of David 1st the previous Heremonian King of Scotland, and he was to turn out to be as expected nothing but an English "puppet," but later when he was to be humiliated, he would renounce his allegiance to Edward 1st. The Council in Scotland were to actually take over the rule there instead, and form an alliance with France creating. "The Wars of Scottish Independence," known as the "Auld Alliance." Robert - the Bruce the younger who also had land in Essex in England was also of Teutonic Scandinavian Norman descent, and he had previously refused to pay homage to John Balliol, and seeking his opportunity further was to refuse his call to arms against Edward 1st, hoping his own claim to be King of Scotland therefor would eventually succeed due to his maternal line also.

1292 AD John Balliol was inaugurated as the nominated Teutonic Scandinavian Norman King of Scotland by Edward 1st "Longshanks" the Norman Ango - King of England.

1295 AD Robert - the Bruce the Teutonic Scandinavian Norman Earl married Isabella of Mar, the daughter of the Earl of Mar who was only to produce a daughter Marjorie, before she died.

           Scotland and France were to become allies this year.

          First representative English Parliament was to be held after being summoned by Edward 1st "Longshanks" the Anglo - Norman English King while England and France were at War, which actually saw the beginning of the "Auld Alliance" between France and Scotland.

1296 AD Robert - the Bruce and a group of Scottish nobles carried out a rebellion against Edward 1st "Longshanks" the Anglo - Norman King of England and they were to be defeated in the "Battle of Dunbar" by John de Warenne one of Edward 1st's Anglo - Norman commanders, and John Balliol was deposed and forced to abdicate by Edward 1st and humiliated and taken back to London where he was imprisoned in the Tower of London and later exiled to France and when Edward 1st was at Montrose, Robert - the Bruce's claim to the Kingship of Scotland was ignored, and an Anglo - Norman English Viceroy was installed instead in Scotland.

1297 AD Scottish nobles who had been involved in the rebellion against England in Scotland were made to swear in the "Capitulation of Irvine," fealty to Edward 1st the Anglo - Norman King of England and were then given a pardon.

September: William Wallace who was of Gaelic Brythonic descent from Strathclyde and Andrew Moray had a victory in a battle at Stirling Bridge against Edward 1st's Anglo - Norman forces who were also under John de Warenne who fled back to Berwick, and Robert - the Bruce seeking his opportunity then supported the Scots again, but not physically, and William Wallace the commoner was knighted by Robert - the Bruce the Teutonic Earl of Carrick who also called on his men and those of Galloway in the Scottish Highlands to support the cause, but as yet had not met the Anglo - Normans personally in battle himself. 

1298 AD Edward 1st "Longshanks" sent 2,500 horse and 12,000 foot soldiers into Scotland, and William Wallace and the Scots were defeated under a hail of arrows in the "Battle of Falkirk" and he resigned as the Guardian of Scotland, and Robert - the Bruce and another Teutonic Scandinavian Norman Baron who was also a claimant to the throne, who was Robert the Bruce's bitter enemy, John Comyn, were both made joint Guardians of Scotland instead.

1299 AD William Lamberton the Bishop of St. Andrews was appointed as a third Guardian of Scotland and Robert - the Bruce was to resign the position the next year. 

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