15th Century AD.                                                                                                                                          

      In Wales, Lord de Grey, who was the Chief Marcher Baron there for Henry 1V the Usurper and first Norman Lancaster King of England, tried to raise warriors there in the north for a campaign against the Scots. Welsh resistance under Owain Glyndwr the Prince of Wales early this Century had given the Welsh people some hope of gaining back their Independence from the oppression of the Normans in England, but rivalry among the Welsh Princes was still strong and therefore any chance of unity always seemed to be hopeless. Owain Glyndwr was proclaimed an Outlaw by Henry 1V who confiscated his kingdom and territory, so to counteract this Owain Glyndwr set up a stronghold in Snowdonia on Lake Peris, but Henry 1V then handed out pardons to all of the Welsh Princes, except for Owain Glyndwr, and total power over Wales was then given over to the English.

      In Ireland, Henry 1V the Usurper and first Lancaster Norman English King had William of Windsor the English appointed Governor in Ireland impose new taxes and he naturally came up against the Anglo - Norman / Old English and he also tried to force those who had re - emigrated back to England to go back to Ireland to keep up the English numbers and therefore English influence in Ireland, and also their perceived dominance in Ireland. The English - Norman Barons / Lords and the English Government authorities in Dublin Castle (The Devil's 1/2 acre) also tried to stop any of the other English from leaving Ireland. There had been a shortage of tenants for all of the Gaelic Irish territories that had been confiscated, brought on by the previous Plague, the Famine, and the War, and as more of the land in Ireland fell vacant, they tried to use Irish spies who were involved in a covert conquest against their own frightened English Galls. Gaelic Irish Families were now forced to anglicize their names to a similar sounding or spelling English name in any of the towns or trade, to be seen then as loyal English not "Irish Enemies." At this time also there was an anti - Irish feeling in England to any of the Gaelic Irish who had migrated there trying to gain useful employment, while the Anglo - Norman / Old English in Ireland also had been banned from the Universities there, and also from the courts, which also gave them no opportunity of any professional training.

1401 AD Owen Glyndwr the Prince of Wales by now controlled the north and the central region in Wales, and Henry 1V the Lancaster Usurper Norman King of England sent Henry Percy / Harry Hotspur to try and put a stop to any chance of a Welsh revolt, by offering an amnesty to the Welsh Princes, except for Owen Glyndwr who nevertheless won the Battle of Mynydd Hyddgeb this year and the Welsh Tudor brothers from Anglesey captured the castle at Conwy.

1402 AD Owen Glyndwr captured his nemesis Anglo - Norman Earl Grey de Ruthyn who he ransomed and also ruined financially, and he also spread the Welsh rebellion further down into the south of Wales, and at this time there was also a rumour going around that Richard 11 the previous Yorkist KIng was still alive, which further stiffened opposition to the Lancaster Usurper Henry 1V.  

        The Battle of Homildon Hill occurred were the Scots were defeated by the Norman English led by Sir Henry Percy / Harry Hotspur.

1403 AD Assisted by the French, the Welsh spread their revolt across all of Wales this year, and many Welsh soldiers in the English Army and Welsh expatriates from all over Briton joined in, as rebels also in York in England were executed as Henry 1V's. son, the future Henry V ran England for him during his illness and Sir Henry Percy / Harry Hotspur also changed sides and decided to support Owen Glyndwr and also challenged Henry 1V's the Usurper's right to the throne of England, but he was to be killed at the Battle of Shrewsbury along with 20,000 others who were either killed or injured.

1404 AD Owen Glyndwr captured Harlech and Aberystwyth castles, and held their first Welsh Parliament  / Cynulliad where he was inaugurated as Owain 1V of Wales and began negotiations with Edward Mortimer and the English Earl of Northumberland and also signed an alliance Treaty with France.

1405 AD A French contingent of 3,000 warriors arrived at Milford Haven and joined in with the 10,000 Welsh warriors in the south of Wales, where they challenged the future Henry V to stage a tournament., instead over 8 days in which 200 were killed and the younger Henry gave it away and attacked the Welsh - Franco warriors who retreated, with most of the French then returning to France.

1406 AD James 1st Stewart was to become the third Stewart King of Scotland until 1437 AD, who was a son of Robert 111 and Annabella Drummond, and he had previously been sent to France as an infant to protect him, but had been captured and handed over to Henry 1V the Lancaster Norman Usurper King of England who demanded a ransom for his return. and because of this his father, Robert 111 died of grief, and his uncle, Robert Stewart who acted as his Regent said that he could not find the ransom amount to release him and he therefore remained a hostage in England for 18 years. At Glenfruin in the Scottish Highlands a conflict occurred between the Colquhouns / Callahans of Luss and the Mac Gregors in which 200 of the Colquhouns were killed and because of this James 1st Outlawed the Mac Gregor Clan.

      By now most of the French contingent who had been assisting the Welsh against the English Normans had returned to France, and the Welsh were now losing ground in their conflict with England, as Prince Henry Lancaster / V th of Monmouth cut off supplies, and Owen Glyndwr's supporters were negotiating their own personal surrenders, and appeals for further assistance to the French now fell on death ears and Owen Glyndwr's family was captured and imprisoned in the Tower of London where they were all to die, but Owen Glyndwr still remained free.

1409 AD James 1st the Stewart King of Scotland enacted further statutes against the Celtic Scottish Highlanders to bring them in line with the Lowlanders, and he abolished the Gaelic language, while their eldest son or daughter was to be sent to the Lowlands to learn to speak, read and write only English, which would be the final blow to the Celtic Gaelic Scottii people of the Scottish Highlands and the Western Isles.

1411 AD Donald, the Lord of the Western Isles of Scotland led an army of Scottish Highlanders to within a few miles of Aberdeen where the Battle of Harlaw occurred and they were defeated by a Lowland force under the Earl of Mar.

1412 AD Owen Glyndwr was still in Wales and although defeated he was still hanging in there, but he was to be a permantly hunted man and was physically never to be seen again.   

1413 AD Henry 1V the Usurper and first Norman Lancaster King of England, died, and his son became Henry V the second of the Norman Lancaster English Kings until 1422 AD who was the son Mary de Bohun, and he introduced English instead of French as their main language, and appointed Sir John Talbot / Lord Furnival the English Lieutenant Governor in Ireland who was to plunder the talents of the Irish poets and arrested Fitz Gerald the Anglo - Norman English Earl of Kildare (the father - in - law of James Butler the English Earl of Ormonde and also Sir Christopher Preston, for intending to seize the English Deputy, kill his men, and nominate a Chief Governor of their own in Ireland. Preston had also been seized carrying documents incriminating him personally in this particular revolt, which included an Irish Gaelic version of the English Coronation oath and how the parliaments in Ireland should  be conducted properly.

     Although Pardons were by now being given to a number of the Welsh Rebels,  a huge reward was still being offered for Owen Glyndwr.

1415 AD Henry V the second Norman Lancaster King of England sent an envoy to also offer a  pardon to Owen Glyndwr, but he was never to be sighted again.

1419 AD England and France were at War in France.

1420 AD Henry V the second Norman Lancaster King of England made the "Treaty of Troyes" with France and married Catherine of Valois who the daughter of the King of France who was mentally unstable, and was to produce Henry V1 of England who was also to prove to be mentally unstable.

    Robert Stewart who was the Regent of Scotland, died, and the nobles there now began to raise the 40,000 pound ransom to release the young James 1st the Stewart King of Scotland.

1421 AD The Battle of Bauge occurred with a Scottish victory over the English.  

1422 AD Henry V the second Norman Lancaster King of England, was poisoned in France and died, and his young infant son, was to become the future Henry V1 the third Lancaster Norman King of England until 1461 AD, and the Civil conflicts between the common ancestors of John of Gaunt in the "War of the Roses" now began to interfere with the English Government's ability to continue to hold their total control over Ireland and also the Old English / Anglo - Normans who were now sending their children and teachers to Europe, and becoming more aware of their need to look more towards Ireland as their actual homeland. 

1424 AD James 1st Stewart the King of Scotland was released in England to return to Scotland and had married Joan Beaufort who was a cousin of Henry V1 and they were to produce 8 children, and on returning as a payback he had Robert Stewart's, his previous Regent's family executed.

1429 AD Alexander who was now the Lord of the Western Isles of Scotland sacked Inverness.

1430 AD Joan of Arc lifted the siege by the English on Orleans in France and the "Battle of Patay" followed and the English were driven off, and Joan was then betrayed to the English and abandoned by the Dauphin / Prince of France.

1431 AD Joan of Arc was burnt at the stake by the English at Rouen in France.

1437 AD Henry V1 became the third Norman Lancaster King of England when he was crowned in England, and was to later marry Margaret of Anjou in 1445 AD, who was the niece of the Queen of France to create Peace between England and France and his widowed mother Catherine of Valois, who was the daughter of the mentally unstable previous King of of France, was now on with Owen Tudor and they were to produce 6 children, including Edmund Tudor the father of the future Henry V11 thereby introducing the Welsh Tudors Usurper Lancaster claim to the English monarchy via the back door.

     James 1st the Stewart King of Scotland was assassinated in Perth by 8 of the Scottish nobles led by Sir Robert Graham and Walter Stewart the 1st Earl of Atholl who was personally after the throne, and James 1st's wife, Joan Beaufort, had them executed and James 11 their 7 year old Stewart son became the next King of Scotland until 1488 AD, who was one of the twins who survived and Archibald Douglass the 5th Earl of Douglass ruled as Regent until he died, and was replaced by various other nobles who acted as the Scottish Regent. 

1449 AD James 11 Stewart began to rule in his own right in Scotland, but had to fend off a number of Scottish nobles, especially the Douglass family. 

1450 AD Richard of York (Yorkists) the previously appointed English Lord Lieutenant in Ireland returned to England due to the ongoing conflict between the descendants of John of Gaunt, the third son of Edward 111 the previous Norman Plantagenent King of England, involving the Lancasters / Red Rose and the Yorks / White Rose, that was continuing to build up to the future "War of the Roses" in England. The English were defeated in France and they now only held onto Calais there. There was also a rebellion under Jack Cade occurring in England.

1451 AD John, the Lord of the Western Isles of Scotland, seized the Royal castles of Inverness, Ruthven and Urquhart and besieged the islands in the Firth of Clyde in Scotland.

1452 AD James 11 the Stewart King of Scotland personally stabbed Sir William Douglass the 8th Earl of Douglass to death in Stirling Castle in Scotland and there was Civil War for the following 3 years there.

1453 AD The English were defeated again in the "Battle of Castillon" in France and this brought the Hundred Years War with France to an end.

1455 AD May: The Douglass family / Comyns / Cummins were defeated in the Battle of Arkinholm in Scotland with the surviving Douglass members fleeing to England and all of their Estates were confiscated and the "War of the Roses" begins at the Battle of St. Albans in England involving the descendants of John of Gaunt with victory over the Lancasters to the Yorkists.

1460 AD December: Richard Neville the English Earl of Warwick who was to become known as "The Kingmaker," sailed from Ireland with forces put together in Ireland to support Richard Plantagenet of York (Yorkists / White Rose) and he was able to defeat the English army there in England and captured the demented Henry V1 who was to be the last Norman English Lancaster King / Red Rose and Richard of York / White Rose then set sail for England intending to become the new English Yorkist King, but was to be killed by the Lancaster forces in the Battle of Wakefield in England.

    James 11 the 29 year old Stewart King of Scotland was killed when a canon exploded during the successful siege of Roxburgh Castle in Scotland that was still being held by the English Military forces and his 9 year old son became James 111 the Stewart King of Scotland when he was inaugurated this year in Kelso Abbey, and his mother Mary of Guelders was to act as Regent until she was to die herself in 1463 AD.

    Henry - the Navigator, was the son of King John 1st of Portugal, and his mother was Phillippa the daughter of John of Gaunt the third son of Edward 111 the previous Norman Plantagenent King of England.

1461 AD The Lancasters were victorious in the second Battle of St. Albans, while in the Battle of Mortimer's Cross the Yorkists were victorious and after the Battle of Towton in which the Yorkist were successful once again Edward 1V, who was 19 year old, became the first Norman Yorkist King of England who was the second son of Richard Plantagenet the previous Duke of York and Cecily Neville who was also a grand - daughter of Edward 111 the previous Plantagenet Norman King of England. Edward 1V had been born in Ireland, and on obtaining the position, had James Butler the fifth English Earl of Ormonde’s head cut off for treason, for opposing his father and supporting the Lancasters, and York’s Parliament in England passed a motion that it was now High Treason to attack any person under the English Great Seal, and also that the Great Seal, Privy Seal and Signet were to be completely obeyed in Ireland. Edward 1V married Elizabeth Woodville a commoner, which upset Richard Neville the Earl of Warwick no end who then switched sides. They were to produce 10 children 3 sons and 7 daughters.

1465 AD The English Pale surrounding Dublin in Co. Dublin in the north - east of Southern Leinster, from which the English Galls attacked the Gaelic Irish kingdoms, by now only consisted mainly of Co. Louth, Co. Meath, Co. Dublin and Co. Kildare all situated along the coast of the Leinster Province.

1468 AD The Orkney islands were annexed this year to Scotland.

1469 AD James 111 became the Stewart King of Scotland in his own right and married Princess Margaret of Denmark, who was the daughter of Christian 1st the King of Denmark who defaulted on the dowry, and James 111 then acquired the Shetland islands also as compensation.

1471 AD Henry V1 who was mentally unstable was back in as the English Lancaster King, and the new Lancaster English Government confirmed Thomas Fitz Maurice Fitz Gerald the seventh English Earl of Kildare as their new English Deputy in Ireland. April: Edward IV was back in again as the Yorkist King of England as the Lancaster supporters had been defeated in the Battle of Barnet and there was now great trouble in England as the Earl of Warwick was shot and killed and Henry V1 the mentally unstable Lancaster King was imprisoned again and smothered between two beds. In Ireland Thomas Fitz Maurice Fitz Gerald the seventh English Earl of Kildare who was now the English Deputy in Ireland had the Anglo - Norman Parliament there in Ireland give him 80 permanent archers to protect his person.  

1478 AD March 25^th: Thomas Fitz Maurice Fitz Gerald the seventh English Earl of Kildare had died, and the English Duke of Clarence who had previously been the appointed English Lieutenant Governor in Ireland was executed for treason, and the English Bishop Sherwood was also out of favour and the Anglo - Norman Council in Ireland immediately elected a new Chief Governor, in the form of his son, Gerald Mor Fitz Gerald the eighth English Earl of Kildare as the English Justiciar in Ireland. May: Gerald Mor Fitz Gerald the eighth Earl of Kildare summoned an Anglo - Norman Parliament in Ireland, which met at Naas. July: The Anglo - Norman Parliament in Ireland was then continued on in Dublin. July 6th: Once again Edward 1V the Yorkist King of England removed the Fitz Geralds and appointed Lord Grey as the new English Deputy in Ireland to replace Gerald Mor Fitz Gerald the eighth Earl of Kildare.  August: Lord Grey arrived into Ireland with 300 English archers and met resistance from Gerald Mor Fitz Gerald's supporters and even the Dublin Castle Constable refused him entry and the Chancellor, Roland Fitz Eustace who was the eighth Earl of Kildare’s father - in - law kept the Seal from Lord Grey and the Treasurer assigned all revenues so that nothing was left for Lord Grey. September: The Anglo - Norman Parliament was continued in Connell. November: Lord Grey then convened another English controlled Parliament at Trim in Co. Meath, which was adjourned to Drogheda and then Dublin, calling Gerald Mor Fitz Gerald the Earl of Kildare’s Anglo - Norman Parliament a “Pretend  Parliament” and annulled all it’s legislation. 2 English Parliaments were now fighting for control in Ireland. 

1483 AD Edward 1V, the first Yorkist King died suddenly and had named Edward his 12 year old son as his heir Edward V, who was possibly also murdered in the Tower of London. by Edward 1V's younger brother, Richard the Duke of Gloucester, who was the acting Regent for Edward 1V's 2 young surviving sons, who had put then in the Tower of London for "safekeeping" and from where they mysteriously disappeared and Richard was crowned Richard 111 the second Yorkist King of England who was the fourth son of Richard Plantagenet the Duke of York and Cecily Neville.

1485 AD Henry Tudor who was from Anglesey in Wales sailed to England under the standard of the Red Dragon of St. George with a Welsh army and defeated Richard 111 at the Battle of Bosworth and became a new Ururper and first Welsh Tudor King of England after Richard 111 was killed, and he did a deal with the merchants in the English Parliament, and was a son of Edmund Tudor, who was the oldest son of Owen Tudor and Catherine of Valois, (Henry V's widow), while his mother was Margaret Beaufort a great - grand daughter of John of Gaunt,  the third son of Edward 111 the previous Norman Plantagenent King of England. As the Usurper Henry V11 he married Elizabeth of York the daughter of Edward 1V and they had 7 children, and of his daughters, Margaret was married to James 1V of Scotland, Mary to Louis X11 of France, Arthur to Catherine of Aragon the daughter of Ferdinand 11 of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. Of their 2 sons Arthur would die as a youth, and the other the future Henry V111. Although of Welsh descent  Henry V11's first act was to ban the Celtic Welsh language from public life, but despite this, just as in Ireland, it remained the language of the common people in Wales. 

1487 AD A young man appeared in Ireland purporting to be the young Earl of Warwick, the nephew of the deceased Edward 1V whose 2 young sons had disappeared in the Tower of London leaving no Yorkist heir, but the Earl of Warwick was actually alive and shown to the people in London. Lambert Simnel - the Pretender who had been raised from a 9 year old by Symonds an Oxford priest as one of the 2 young Yorkist Princes revolts against Henry V11 who was now the Usurper Welsh Tudor King of England. May 14th: Lambert Simnel was crowned as King Edward V1 in Christchurch Cathedral and Lord Lincoln and Lord Kildare went to England and into battle at Stoke - on - Trent to support his cause where Lord Lincoln, Sir Thomas Fitz Gerald and a German General along with 4,000 men were killed in the battle.

1488 AD June: James 111 the Stewart King of Scotland was thrown from his horse during the Battle of Sauchieburn and subsequently died, and his young son became James 1V the new Stewart King of Scotland until 1513 AD and directed his attention towards subjugating the Gaelic Scottish Highlands and the Western Isles.

1491 AD Alexander, a nephew of the Lord of the Western Isles of Scotland, invaded Ross and destroyed the Inverness Castle.

   Henry V11 the Welsh Tudor Usurper King of England summoned all of those of importance in Ireland to England were Lambert Simnel was made to serve the dinner.

       Brittany becomes part of France by marriage. Perkin Warbeck landed in Cork in Co. Cork also proposing to be one of the 2 Yorkist Princes , but there was no enthusiasm for him.

      St. Ignatius Loyola  was born who was to found the Society of Jesus / Jesuits who would have a great impact on the known World.

1492 June: Henry V11 dismissed Gerald Mor Fitz Gerald the eighth Earl of Kildare who was a Yorkist supporter from office in Ireland, by which time the other English pretender, Perkin Warbeck, had left Ireland, and the English authority in Ireland was now divided between the Catholic Archbishop of Dublin and Walter Fitz Simons, who replaced the Earl of Kildare as the appointed English Deputy in Ireland, and James Ormonde who took the title of Governor and Treasurer and other Geraldine supporters were also removed, which ended the Earl of Kildare’s control also over the Anglo - Norman Council in Ireland, and a situation of Civil War nearly occurred betweenJames Butler the English Earl of Ormonde and the Fitz Gerald Geraldine supporters. The Heberian Dal gCais O Brians in Thomond / Northern Munster supported the Butlers, and the Heremonian Cu Corb O Connors in Co. Offaly in the mid - west of Southern Leinster supported the Geraldines, so Thomas Garth invaded Co. Offaly and the Earl of Kildare took him prisoner and hung his son. Sir Thomas Butler the English seventh Earl of Ormonde, and his enemies the Geraldines then arranged to meet at St. Patrick’s Church in Dublin were a hole had to be cut into the doorway so that they could shake hands after previously having a slight skirmish outside. 

1493 AD The Gaelic Scottish Lordship over the Scottish Isles was ended.

1494 AD December: An English controlled Anglo - Norman Parliament in Ireland met at Drogheda in Co. Louth in north - east of Northern Leinster that was now totally under Sir Edward Poynings the newly appointed English Lord - Deputy / Viceroy in Ireland who had 1,000 soldiers and cannon, and had been sent over by the Welsh Tudor Usurper Henry V11 with an English Army to introduce legislation to suite him, to be known as the Statute of Drogheda / Kilkenny, to make the Gaelic Irish and Anglo - Norman / Old English politically sub - servant to the English Privy Council and English Law. He introduced numerous new Irish Penal Laws into Ireland, which removed the independence of the Anglo - Norman Parliament, who could not now meet and make Laws for Ireland without Henry V11's and the English Privy Council's approval, and all the public offices including the Judges were from now on under English influences and all of the Gaelic Irish influence was gone as had been requested by Henry V11 to reduce Ireland to, "Whole and perfect obedience." (Before this the Anglo - Norman Parliament in Ireland had met annually.) Sir Edward Poynings was to serve under a child Governor Prince Henry who was to become Henry V111, and although they tried to fortify The English Pale surrounding Dublin over the next 30 years it was to decrease to half of what it was previously.

      The Jews were expelled this year from Spain. 

1497 AD Perkin Warbeck the English Yorkist pretender was also captured by the Usurper Henry V11 the Welsh Tudor King of England.

                                               Return to Celtic Heritage                                                          On to 1401 AD - 1410 AD                                                                     On to the 16th Century AD