RAINBOW FARMS AUSTRALIA                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

                                                                                                                                                     17th Century AD - 1

     The Population of Ireland was now at 1,400,000, and still at this time one eighth of Ireland was still under natural forest.

     Despite the ongoing English oppression " On all things Irish" the "fines" under the tenets of those still committed to the Irish Brehon Law for individuals were still being paid in cattle.

    The Irish Villean / Bag Pipes that were further developed this Century are still the most highly developed bagpipes in the World with no other hand held instrument equal to them, as the Celtic Gaelic Irish and the Celtic Gaelic Scots fought their battles against their "opponents" to the accompaniment of the "drum and the war bagpipes," which were still also in use in Celtic Brittany, Ireland and Scotland were they are known as Biniae / mouth blown pipes. (Their use have since died out in the Isle of Man and Wales). Known generally as the Piobmhor in Scotland, during times of War they were composed of 3 pipes 3 drones, and in Ireland 2 pipes and a chanter.

 1601 AD Elizabeth 1st Tudor the Ascendancy Queen of England had now also "executed" who she had considered was her "main rival" the ever increasingly popular young English Earl of Essex, and Blount the English Earl of Mountjoy was now her appointed Lord - Deputy in Ireland and he continued on his way with her "Scorched Earth" policy of "Slash and Burn" of everyone and everything that got in his way in Ireland and her "ethnic and sectarian" persecution of the Catholic Irish and Anglo - Irish / Old English, knew no bounds hurried along by the never - ending land "confiscations" and "foreign non - Catholic plantations" in Ireland.

      James Fitz Thomas Fitz Gerald the Anglo - Irish Catholic sixteenth Earl of Desmond, had tried to defend the Munster Province against the ongoing English Ascendancy repression of Elizabeth 1st Tudor, until he was to be eventually "betrayed" by his kinsman, Edmund Fitz Gerald the White Knight who received a 1,000 pounds reward from Elizabeth 1st Tudor for his betrayal of his kinsmen and his family were to later change their name then to Fitz Gibbon.

       The Spanish force sent to support the population in Ireland against the continual English Ascendancy "oppression" were to land at Kinsale in Co. Cork in Southern Munster instead, where the English forces were at their strongest although 126.Aed Dubh / Black Hugh O Niall / The O Niall and Ulster Chieftain had requested that they land in the "Ulster Province" that was still under his "overall  control "and where they would have been able to "combine" their forces.

1602 AD Phillip 11 the Catholic King of Spain had sent the Spanish fleet to Ireland to assist the beleaguered Irish Septs and the Heremonian Dal Cuinn "northern" Ui Niaill Chieftains, Aed Roe / Red Hugh O Donnell /The O Donnell and 126.Aed Dubh / Black Hugh O Niall / The O Niall, both already had their dominant forces and their strongest held territory in the Ulster Province awaiting their arrival, and the two Ulster Chieftains were now to be forced to take most of their Irish forces all the way "down" to the south - west to Kinsale in Co. Cork in the Munster Province to try and relieve the Irish Septs there instead, while the Spanish forces who were already there were by now also heavily involved in defending Munster instead. Because of this upse to their plan it was not only to be a '"long harrying march," but it would take "too much time" for them to get there, and when they were to finally arrive they were to be "betrayed" and "defeated" there, while in the meantime their "northern" Ui Niaill Septs who they had been forced to leave behind to guard Ulster were also "under attack" by the English Military forces there in Ulster, and all would then be lost there also due to the "northern" Ui Niaill Septs previously having to divide their forces. Under the ongoing English "ethnic and religious" oppression Gaelic Ireland was coming to a "terrible end" due to the insatiable savagery of Blount / Lord Mountjoy the English commander for Elizabeth 1st Tudor, who continued to carry out her devastating brutal policy of "Slash & Burn" on all things Irish.

     Donnell Cam O Sullivan the Heberian Eoghanacht Chaisil Irish Chieftain was to also be "defeated" in the Munster Province and all of his stock and property was to be "confiscated" by the English forces, so he decided to head north with 1,000 of his people to escape the "ongoing violence" perpertrated there in Munster, and try and join up with the "northern" Irish Heremonian Dal Cuinn Chieftains, 126.Aed Dubh / Black Hugh O Niall / The O Niall in the Ulster Province, Brian Oge - the Younger O Rourke / The O Rourke the Heremonian Dal Cuinn Ui Briuin Breifne Chief of West Breifne in the north of the Connacht Province and Aed Maguire / The Maguire the Heremonian Dal Cuinn Colla Da Crioch Chief who had his territory in Co. Fermanagh in the south - west of Ulster.

1603 AD Plague also broke out in Dublin and Elizabeth 1st Tudor the Ascendancy Queen of England died unbeknown to the resisting Irish forces, under 126.Aed Dubh / Black Hugh O Niall, and Mountjoy / Blount her Deputy in Ireland was to keep it that way, to ensure that 126.Aed Dubh O Niaill  never found out until it was to be "too late," and due to the onging  terrible devastation that Mountjoy was continuing to carry out on the population in Ireland he was now able to force all of the Irish and Anglo - Irish leaders to "submit" to him. The Connacht Province, the Leinster Province and the Munster Province was by now under the "total control" of the English Military forces after 9 Years of determined resistance by the Irish Septs and the Anglo - Irish / Old English against the ongoing "ethnic and sectarian" oppression of the recently deceased Elizabeth 1st Tudor. 126.Aed Dubh / Black Hugh O Niall / The O Niaill the overall Irish leader was kept unaware of her death, and to try and stop the ongoing "carnage" being carried out by Mountjoy on the general Irish population, including their "stock" and their property, especially now in relation to the Ulster Province, he surrended up to him also, while Aed Ruadh / Red Hugh O Donnell the Chief of the Cenel Connaill who was by now in Spain seeking further "assistance" was to be poisonied there by an English assassin sent there to carry it out.

        James V1 the Stuart King of Scotland now became James 1st the first Stuart Ascendancy English King until 1625 AD, and England, Wales who had been totally "subsumed" and especially Scotland due to their previous immoral union were "combined" under the banner of the tricolour the Union Jack / Jacque / James. In Ireland with the change in monarchs the Irish Septs were now hoping for a better deal, as his mother had been Mary Stuart the Catholic Queen of Scots, from a maternal line of a daughter of Malcolm 111 Cean Mor,  the "last" Irish Gaelic Catholic King of Scotland, but due to James 1st's appalling "negative upbringing" of a Luthern Calvanistic attitude he had other "fish to fry" and the "ethnic and religious" conditions were to only become even "worse" under his future "greedy overbearing" rule. Many more "confiscations of Irish land was to still occur, while the remaining Irish Septs were to be driven off of their territories to above the 600' level to "starve to death," with further "increased" foreign non - Catholic Ascendancy "plantations," and also Presbyterian "plantations" of mostly Teutonic Lowlanders was to occur with the intention of "consolidating" the Ascendancy numbers in Ireland over the Catholic Irish and the Anglo - Irish / Old English.

1603 -1606 AD The second promised Spanish expedition did not eventuate, and the Irish and Anglo - Irish / Old English were from now on to be once again in "constant turmoil" with heavy losses of life also all around to the superior English Militia weaponry that they had recently gained in Europe, with their well equipped Militia numbers all over Ireland, as the original "Slash and Burn" policy was to still continue on under Mountjoy with no sign of recourse or let up.

1604 AD A sign of things to come was very explicit this year when a conference was held between members of the Ascendancy English High Church and the ever growing numbers of single - minded Puritans at Hampton Court, but to no avail, although future groundwork was being laid for a "major confrontation" to eventually occur between these two Ascendancy bodies in the English Parliament at Westminster.  

1605 AD A Gunpowder Plot in London was foiled where the perpetrators were intending to take out the oppressive English Ascendancy Parliament now under James 1st the first Stuart Ascendancy King of England.  

1607 AD The Flight of the remaining Gaelic Celtic "northern" Irish Chieftains occurred in the Ulster Province after Attainders were put on their heads "to finish them off" by removing their Gaelic influence altogether in Ireland.

1607 - 1610 AD There were to be further "foreign" non - Catholic "plantations" carried out by the Ascendancy English Parliament in the Ulster Province in Ireland. after the "Flight of the Ulster Chiefs" had occurred with the last of the Irish Chieftains there in Ulster charged with "Treason" and Attainders" put on their heads to get them either out of the way or out of Ireland, and along with 75 members of their families the "northern" Gaelic Irish leaders were to leave Ireland and sail to Rome and Spain for sanctuary. New English Ascendancy non - Catholic "foreign plantation towns" were to be founded in Ireland that were also "well fortified" against the remaining surviving Irish Septs, who were to be "banned" from any of the cities in Ireland, and James 1st the Stuart Ascendancy King of England was now in complete control of Ireland also and he "appointed" only English authorities and began constructing even more castles against the Irish Septs in their original respective territories. More then 3,500,000  million acres were to be "confiscated" in Ulster alone, and English Ascendancy and Presbyterian Calvinist ministers were also installed to oversee the operations, and "conforming" to these 2 religions was now the only way to survive in Ireland and obtain any chance of any advancement or have a normal life. The authority of the remaining Gaelic Celtic "northern" Irish Kings and Chiefs were gone, and from now on it would be mainly Lowland Presbyterians who would come into Ulster, with any of those who were Gaelic speakers coming from Argyll and Galloway in the Scottish Highlands.

1610 AD James 1st the first Stuart Ascendancy King of England "dissolved" his first English Parliament and began the "foreign sectarian" plantation of the Ulster Province in the north of Ireland with English and Presbyterian non - Catholics. 

1611 AD More land "confiscations" occurred and more "foreign" Ascendancy and Presbyterian Calvinist "planters" were brought into Ireland by James 1st to reduce the Irish Catholic influence and further "new" Irish Penal Laws were also introduced.

1612 AD James 1st the Stuart Ascendancy King of England also introduces his personal type of "Episcopacy" religion into Scotland.

1616 AD 126.Aed Dubh / Black Hugh O Niall / The O Niall, the Heremonian Dal Cuinn "northern" Ui Niaill Cenel nEoghan Chieftain died in Spain.

      The English Earl of Somerset was now out of favour with James 1st the first Stuart Ascendancy King of England and the English Earl of Buckingham was now in favour with James 1st.

1618 AD Unbeknown to James 1st the Stuart English Ascendancy King "leases" were to be offered to Irish Catholic "tenants" although it was now against English Law, which was due to the massive amounts of "confiscated" Irish land and the required necessary labour to work it for the "Undertakers" now given all of this land by James 1st.

      The Buccaneer and favourite of Elizabeth Tudor 1st, Sir Walter Raleigh was also "executed" this year.

     The "Five Articles of Perth" were accepted by the Presbyterian General Assembly in Scotland.

1619 AD "Black Tom" Wentworth, who was to play an infamous part in the furure overall scheme of things, at this time was a "Puritan" leader in the English Westminster Parliament and he purchased "great tracts" of land in Ireland.

1620 AD 2,500,000 of the "confiscated" acres in Ireland so far were now in the hands of only 2,000 introduced "foreign sectarian" Undertakers and their "planters," and the non - Conformists to the Ascendanacy Church of England began to "migrate" from England to America already attempting to get away from the newly inclined religious "persecution" now of James 1st the Ascendancy Stuart English King of England.

1621 AD "Foreign" French Calvinist non - Catholic Huguenot "planters" were now brought into Ireland to try and take up the vast amount of "confiscated" Irish territories, and to also increase the non - Catholic Ascendancy numbers in Ireland. 

     The English Westminster Parliament  was once again "dissolved by James 1st the Stuart Ascendancy English King who had also had the  "Five Articles of Perth" passed, to suite his agenda, by the Parliament in Scotland.

1622 AD In the Ulster Province 6 of the 9 Counties were to be "sectarian planted" with 13,000  "foreign" non - Catholic Ascendancy "planters," and a Ward System was introduced to rear Irish and Anglo - Irish / Old English Catholic children as "adherents" to the Ascendancy Church of England and Calvinists, and to also allow "confiscation" of any of their personal land or Estates if they did not "conform," which only further upset the Anglo - Irish / Old English.

1623 AD James 1st's son, Charles Stuart who was now the Prince of Wales, went to Spain with his advisor the Earl of Buckingham intending to marry the Spanish King's "Infant" daughter who "rebuffed" his advances, and from then on he personally had an axe to grind with Spain.    

       Gaelic Irish names were "banned" again this year in Ireland.

1625 AD James 1st, the first Stuart Ascendancy King of England and V1 of Scotland died, and his son, Charles 1st was in as the second Ascendancy Stuart King of England and Scotland until 1649 AD, and due also to his greedy "mercenary attitude" to life the English Westminster Parliament at first gave him the income from Tonnage for one year to try and tide him over, and with his fixation on Spain he got excited and carried out his first English "expedition" into Cadiz in Spain, which failed.

1626 AD Charles 1st the second Ascendancy Stuart King of England who was as greedy as his father had been proposed 51 Graces (Human Rights) for the Irish Catholics in Ireland if they gave him massive "annual financial considerations," which in desperation of receiving any at all they were "to agree" to pay, but it was not to happen as he would never have "enough money" to suite his particular mercenary agendas. 

      There was a "forced" loan in England and Sir John Eliot one of the "Puritan" leaders in the English Westminster Parliament and others were to be "imprisoned,"  which only strengthened the "Puritan" resolve now to bring Charles 1st undone.

1627 AD 2,000 more "foreign" non - Catholic "planters" were brought into the Ulster Province, and "expulsion" was on the table for anyone who did not "conform" to the Ascendancy Church of England and also to English habits.

1628 AD The Irish and Anglo - Irish Catholics and others agreed "to pay" the mercenary Charles 1st the 40,000 pounds a year he demanded for 3 years to try and receive his previous promise of his 51 Graces.

      Charles 1st's advisor the Earl of Buckingham was "assassinated" in England, and seeing which way the wind was blowing and seeking his own opportunity Black Tom" Wentworth broke away from the "Puritans" in the English Westminster Parliament and joined up with Charles 1st the greedy mercenary second Stuart King of England guaranteeing to "increase" his revenues further in England, and Charles 1st in return promised him that he would "stand by him no matter what."

     Charles 1st at this time also appointed the anti - Catholic Richard Boyle who was to be the first English Earl of Cork, and from now on one of the "biggest landowners" in Ireland to run Ireland for him.

     A "Petition of Right" was passed by the English Westminster Parliament.

1629 AD Charles 1st the second mercenary Ascendancy Stuart English King was to "dissolve" the third English Westminster Parliament and 11 Years of tyranny of his greedy personal rule was to follow.

1630 AD Geoffrey Keating / Ceitinn) a Catholic priest began a "History of Ireland" while in hiding from the ongoing "religious persecution" that was still being carried out in Ireland.

1631 AD The "Book of Invasions" into the previous history of Ireland was compiled in Ireland.

       Due to the continuing ongoing "religious persecution" to force the Irish population and others to "conform" to the Ascendancy Church of England the Calvinist Presbyterians also commenced to migrate out the Ulster Province for America on the Eagle Wind.

1632 AD "Black Tom" Wentworth was by now getting results and moving on and up, as Charles 1st the mercenary Ascendancy Stuart King of England now appointed him to run Ireland for him also and raise as much increased "revenue" as he could squeeze out of everyone there for which he was guaranteed 100% support from Charles 1st to do whatever it took to reach his financial goals as he would stand by him no matter what.

      James Butler the twelth English Earl of Ormonde who had his vast confiscated Estates in Co. Kilkenny / Ossory in the south - west of Southern Leinster was to be the first of the Royalist Butlers to be raised also as a member of the Accendancy Church of England in England for an English purpose.

1632 - 1636 AD Due to the obliteration of the Gaelic way of life and the continuing "ethnic and religious" oppression by the Sassenach / English, "On all things Irish," a special combined history of Ireland kown as "The Annals of Ulster" was also being composed by the 4 Catholic Irish Masters / monks in the Abbey in Co. Donegal in the far - west of the Ulster Province.

1633 AD "Black Tom" Wentworth was now operating in Ireland as the English Lord Deputy for Charles 1st the second mercenary Ascendancy Stuart King of England and he also once again agreed to bring in the 51 Promised Graces for a payment of 20,000 pounds a year from the Catholic Irish, but as usual nothing ever eventuated from this also.

1634 AD Charles 1st the second mercenary Stuart Ascendancy King of England now demanded "ship - money" also from the English Westminster Parliament, and William Prynne in England another of the "Puritan" leaders in the Parliament was "condemned."

1635 AD Thomas "Black Tom" Wentworth the English Lord Deputy acting for the greedy Charles 1st in Ireland "increased" the price once again to 40,000 pounds a year to allow the promised 51 Graces, which were never to occur anyway, and now also "laid claim" to all of the Connacht Province personally on behalf of Charles 1st. 

      Charles 1st has his Episcopalian Church of England Bishop William Laud push their new version of "Conformity to the Ascendancy Church of England" on Ireland, and also on Scotland, which did not go down too well in either Country.

1637 AD Further "confiscation" of Irish territories now also occurred in Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province, and foreign Ascendancy Church of England "planters" were installed there also, and the Anglo - Irish / Old English feared the same would be soon on the agenda for them, and that their "rents" were also to be increased.

      New "land grants" of confiscated Irish territories were now made also to the "merchants" in London in England of land in the Ulster Province, and Ireland was divided into 32 Counties of 41 Boroughs who were each allotted 2 votes each to mainly those Ascendancy Old English who had now "conformed" to the Ascendancy Church of England, while the Ascendancy Archbishop William Laud, acting on behalf of Charles 1st again, introduced "his" liturgy into Scotland to great indignation there.

1638 AD Calvinist Presbyterians signed a "National Covenant" in Scotland against the imposition by Charles 1st, and there were then "confiscations" also there for not "conforming," and a "rebellion" then occurred in Scotland with the Glasgow Assembly meeting, while "Black Tom" Wentworth acting for Charles 1st continued to "alienate" everyone in England also, and especially so in Ireland, while he was trying to raise "increasing revenues" on behalf of the greedy Charles 1st the second Stuart mercenary English King.

1639 AD The "first" Ascendancy Episcopalian Bishops' War occurred in England and was ended by the pacification of Berwick.

1640 AD "Black Tom" Wentworth who by now had been in Ireland for 6 years doing Charles 1st bidding was given an English Title and created "Lord Strafford," and all of the Grand Juries in Ireland now had to find for Charles 1st the Stuart English King or else, and he was to also"fine" those in Galway 1,000 pounds for going against him.

    Charles 1st the second Stuart mercenary English King was to eventually come undone when he allowed a Short English Parliament at Westminster to be held with the intention to raise further revenues for him from April to May, as this gave the committed "Puritans" in the Parliament an opportunity to "impeach" their previous old ally "Black Tom" Wentworth or his nefarious activities on behalf of Charles 1st. 

      The Parliament in Scotland forces who had been also previously "upset" were now able to "defeat" the English Military forces in a battle in England and a second Bishops' War occurred in England, which was ended by the "Treaty of Ripon," and the Long English Parliament in Westminster were able to meet in November, and the "Puritans" in the English Parliament now growing stronger also "impeached" Charles 1st's Ascendancy Archbishop William Laud.

      Another 22,000 English Ascendancy Church of England "foreign" planters were brought into Ireland on to the confiscated territories to to try and "outnumber" the Irish and Anglo - Irish Catholics.

1641 AD May: "Black Tom" Wentworth was "Attainted" and also "beheaded" on Tower Hill in England by the pressure brought on by the growing power of the "Puritans" in the British Westminster Parliament. where he had been previously blessed by the Ascendancy Archbishop Laud, but there was "no sign" of his guaranteed Protector Charles 1st the second Stuart King of England.

      3/4 of the territories of the Irish Septs in Ireland were now in English and Anglo - Irish / Old English hands as the power of the "merchants" in the English Westminster Parliament were continuing to grow "stronger," and all up a further 3,500,000 acres in Ireland were now "confiscated" and further Ascendancy "foreign" sectarian "planters" were once again introduced into Ireland, to "increase" their numbers, while the "majority" of the general Irish population had been driven off their land to seek refuge above the 600' level to starve to death. 

      English Civil War now occurred with the Royalist forces of the mercenary Charles 1st the second Stuart Ascendancy English King against the English Puritan controlled Westminster Parliament, and the Grand Remonstrance was now voted and published by the English Parliament, and Charles 1st in a panic now acting as Charles 1st the King of Scotland set out for sanctuary in Scotland. 

     Irish Rebellion now occurred in the Ulster Province in Ireland as the beginnings of an Irish Confederacy began to regain Irish trerritory, that would be later on composed of the Irish Septs and the Anglo - Irish Catholics in Ireland who were to eventually form their own Irish Government to try and stop the never - ending "ethnic and religious oppression" and the ongoing land confiscations in Ireland, and in the turmoil to follow 4,000 foreign non - Catholics were to be killed and twice that number were to be removed from off of the " tenant farms."

1642 AD English Civil War had begun as Charles 1st the second Stuart King of England in desperation made an attempt to seize 5 Members of the English Westminster Parliament House of Commons with the Parliament in England by now well and truly under the control of the "Puritans," and he also seized Hull and raised his standard at Nottingham, while Portsmouth was to surrender to the "Puritan Parliament" instead.

    The Irish and Anglo - Irish / Old English by now were also "revolting" against the ongoing ethnic and religious persecution that was still being carried out in Ireland, and also against the continuing imposition of the "foreign" planters on their previously confiscated lands, and to this end a General Assembly of Confederated Irish and Anglo - Irish Catholics were to meet in the City of Kilkenny in Co. Kilkenny in Southern Leinster.

    The Ascendancy English Puritan controlled Westminster Parliament now also introduced an "Adventurers Act" to sell off a further 2,500,000 acres of Irish land on the cheap to assist them with their finances in a war against Charles 1st. 

  The Irish Catholic commanders, Eogan Roe O Niall, and the Anglo - Irish commander Thomas Preston were to return to Ireland from France to take command of the Irish Confederacy forces.

1643 AD The English Puritan controlled Westminster Parliament "abolished" Charles 1st's version of the Church of England's Episcopacy, while the Parliament in Scotland were to hold to their "Solemn League and Covenant" that they had previously made with the English Puritan Parliament adverse to Charles 1st.

      James Butler the English twelth Earl of Ormonde in Ireland, acting for Charles 1st the Stuart King of England, defeated the initial forces set up by the Irish Confederacy in the Battle of Ross.

     The Puritan Parliamentary forces in England under the Fairfaxes were "defeated" in the Battle of Adwalton, while Waller's forces were also soundly "defeated" in the Battle of Roundway Down, and the Royalist forces under Prince Rupert, Charles 1st's nephew, was to besiege Bristol, and in the Battle of Winceby, Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell defeated the Royalist forces, and John Pym who had been the Puritan Parliamentary leader was to die.

     To gain their support a truce was made between Charles 1st and the Irish Confederacy for a payment of 30,000 pounds to Charles 1st, but James Butler the English twelth Earl of Ormonde, acting for Charles 1st in Ireland, still refuses personally to consider any chance of Irish Catholic Emancipation, and Murrough O Brien - of the Burnings, who had been also raised as an Ascendancy Episcopalian in England for an English purpose was to abandon the cause of Charles 1st and join in with the Puritan Parliament forces and began attacks in the Munster Province, mainly because Charles 1st had appointed one of his Royalists over Munster instead of him, which he considered was his personal hereditary right as an O Brian.

1644 AD The army in Scotland under Alexander Leslie / Lord Levan besieged England and Waller was "defeated" again in the Battle of Copredy Bridge, while Oliver Cromwell was successful in the Battle of Marston Moor were he was assisted by the Scottish Army, and the Puritan Parliamentary forces also captured York, but the Earl of Montrose acting for the Royalists was successful in the Battle of Tippermuir, while the Puritan Army was "defeated" under Essex at Lostwithiel, but were to be successful in the second Battle of Newbury. 

1645 AD Charles 1st the second Stuart mercenary Ascendancy King of England's main protagonist the Ascendancy Episcopalian Archbishop Laud was now also "executed" by the Puritans, while the Earl of Montrose was successful again in the Battle of Inverlochy, and negotiations were now to be held also between Charles 1st and the Puritan Parliament at Uxbridge, while the New Model Army was now organized under Sir Thomas Fairfax for the English "Puritan Parliament."

      Edward Somerset the Earl of Glamorgan who was now personally acting for Charles 1st in Ireland agreed to give some rights to the Irish Catholics if they provided him with 10,000 Irishmen to fight for Charles 1st, who then personally denied  that this arrangenment had been made with the Irish Confederacy,

      In England the Earl of Montrose was successful once again again in the Battle of Auldearn and the Royalists besieged Leicester, but Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell were to be successful in the Battle of Naseby acting for the "Puritans" against Charles 1st and his nephew, Prince Rupert, but the Earl of Montrose also had another two victories in the Battle of Alford and the Battle of Kilsyth, while Sir Thomas Fairfax one of the commanders for the "Puritan" Parliament captured Bristol, and in the Battle of Philphaugh the Earl of Montrose was to be "defeated" by David Leslie and the Scottish Army.

1646 AD Sir Thomas Fairfax acting on behalf of the "Puritan" Parliament was to capture Exeter and Oxford, and Charles 1st the second Stuart mercenary Ascendancy King of England then "surrendered" to the Scottish Army hoping to gain sanctuary for himself, while In Ireland, James Butler the English twelth Earl of Ormonde acting for Charles 1st finally concluded a "peace with the Irish Confederacy, while Eogan Roe O Niall the Irish Confederacy commander in Ireland defeated the Scottish Army at Benburb in the Ulster Province.

 1647 AD Charles 1st the second  mercenary Ascendancy King of England and Scotland was handed over to the English "Puritan" Parliament by the Scottish Parliament, but Cornet Joyce abducted Charles 1st, who then escaped to Carisbrooke Castle where "The Engagement" was agreed to between Charles 1st and the Scottish Parliament and the English Civil War was "ended," with the "Puritan" Parliament now in overall control under Oliver Cromwell their military commander, while Murrough O Brien in Ireland was now to be out of sorts with the Puritan Parliament also, for the very same reason of passing him over to be the one in charge in the Munster Province, and so he "re - joined" the cause of Charles 1st 's Royalist forces again.

      Henry Ireton, one of Oliver Cromwell's sons -- in - law, put forward "Heads of the Proposals" and the "Puritan" Army marched on London and "The Agreement of the People" was prepared by the Levellers.

1648 AD The English Parliament"Puritan" House of Commons passed a "Vote of No Addresses," and a Second Civil War began in England, and Oliver Cromwell defeated both the Royalists and Scottish Army under Hamilton at Preston, and Sir Thomas Fairfax captured Colchester and negotiations were carried out once again between Charles 1st and the "Puritan" Parliament, which failed again, and he also declined the terms offered to him by the "Puritan Army" itself, and Pride's Purge was then carried out in the "Puritan" Parliament. In the meantime, Murrough O Brien in Ireland concludes a personal "peace" now also with the Irish Confederacy, and James Butler the Royalist English twelth Earl of Ormonde was attempting once again to ally with both the Irish Confederacy and Murrough O Brien, but would give "no ground" on any Irish Catholic Emancipation.

1649 AD Many of the "fighting" Irish had previously returned to Ireland from France and Spain to assist the Irish Confederacy, and James Butler the English Royalist twelth Earl of Ormonde was now to conclude a peace with the Irish Confederacy in support of Charles 1st, and the Provisional Irish Government then handed over leadership to him as the leader of the Royalist forces on behalf of Charles 1st, who was soon to be executed on February 5th by Oliver Cromwell and the English Puritan Parliament. After Charles 1st's demise occurred what to do next in Ireland was in flux, as James Butler now acting for Charles 1st's son, Charles the Prince of Wales who would later become Charles 11, was also acting for the Puritan English Parliament. On arriving into Ireland with a force of 20,000 men, Oliver Cromwell personally was to carry out terrible human massacres on the Irish and Anglo - Irish population and many Irish castles and Institutions along with the Irish population were to be  totally massacred and destroyed.

     Seeing the writing on the wall for the Gaelic way of life Dubhaltach Mac Firbis from the Heremonian Dal Cuinn Ui Fiachrach Muaigh began his personal "History of Ireland."

 March: Charles 11 was now proclaimed the third Stuart King of Scotland by the Scottish Parliament.

     The "Puritan" Parliament "abolished" the English Westminster House of Lords and the English monarchy, and a Commonwealth was set up in England, which would last until 1653 AD under Oliver Cromwell who would still remain personally in power there as "The Protector" until his death in 1658 AD.

     When Oliver Cromwell was to come to Ireland with his massive "Puritan" Parliament forces at first he was to besiege Drogheda in Co. Louth in the north - east of Northern Leinster "killing and massacring" thousands there, and later was to also capture Wexford in Co. Wexford in Southern Leinster with a "terrible loss of life" there also, which he was to "Give to the Glory of God alone."

1650 AD David Leslie, the Scottish commander, captured the Earl of Montrose the previous commander of the Royalists and he was "executed."

     The Calvinist Presbyterians in Scotland wanted a "Covenant" of a separate Scottish Parliament and their own Presbyterian religion and this was to be "agreed" to in the "Agreement of Breda" by Charles the Prince of Wales for their support, and governance over Britain under the "Solemn League and Covenant," who would nevertheless "totally ignore" them when he would regain the monarchy and become Charles 11.

    Oliver Cromwell after committing "terrible massacres" on the general Irish population returned to England leaving his son - in - law, Ireton in command, and Oliver Cromwell and the "Puritan" forces were to also "defeat" the Scottish Army under their commander, David Leslie in the Battle of Dunbar, and from now on the "Puritan English Parliament" full of "merchants" also tried to claim the Dutch markets and thereby their trade, and New Amsterdam would eventually become New York.

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