1828 - 1830 AD

                                                                                                "Enforced Tithe Wars - Catholic Emancipation - Repeal  of the Immoral Union." 

1828 AD January: Viscount Goderich, resigned as the Ascendancy British Imperial Tory Prime Minister in England, as he could not handle the office, so George IV who was now the Ascendancy German Hanoverian British King, who was also anti - Catholic, was forced to choose another Ministry, and to suite his ends he appointed Sir Arthur Wellesley the first Duke of Wellington, as his new Ascendancy British Imperial Tory Conservative Prime Minister until 1830 AD and he also appointed Robert "Orange" Peel as the Ascendancy British Imperial Conservative Home Secretary, as he was well aware that both of these 2 men were "totally opposed" to any chance of Catholic Emancipation now. Although Catholic Emancipation was still not to be brought forward in any shape or form in Britain, Lord John Russell was nevertheless allowed to bring forward a Bill to "repeal" the "Religious Test" and "Corporation Acts" for non - Catholics who were Dissenters only, which was then also passed by the Conservative Ascendancy controlld British House of Lords who always had the "veto" over the Westminster legislation although they were an "unelected" body. Sir Arthur Wellesley / Wellington was moved to state publicly that, "Exclusion of the Catholics, from power, has not succeeded in restricting their social power," and little did he realise that shortly, in the very near future, he would be the one "responsible" for the beginning of Catholic Emancipation, although he was to be vehemently and personally "opposed" to any extension of the Catholic franchise. (The right to vote or be represented in the Westminster Parliament.)

May: Huskisson, and his supporters, "pulled out" of the Ascendancy British Imperial Conservative Tory Government Ministry, that was now under Sir Arthur Wellesley / Wellington, who was then forced to appoint an Anglo - Irishmen, Vesey Fitz Gerald who was the non - Catholic M.P. for Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province who at this time was also up for "re - election" to the position of President of the Board of Trade as he was also a "very popular" Land Lord in Ireland, who "unbeknown" to Sir Arthur Wellesley also "supported" Catholic Emancipation. 

June 30th: Daniel O Connell - the Liberator, in Ireland,, although he was a Catholic Irishman was now put forward to be "elected" as an M.P. in the Westminster Parliament by the Catholic Association, for the seat of Ennis in Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province. which would become known as "The Banner County," and he was also supported by "Thomas Steele" a non - Catholic landowner, and O Gorman - Mahon a merchant from Ennis, but as a Catholic Irishman, it was "illegal" under British Law for him to "represent" any of the population in Ireland at all in the Westminster Parliament. Despite this Thomas Wyse, once again organized the 40 / - shilling / 2 pound freeholders, who still had the "right to vote" in an election to support his candidature and after 5 days of "campaigning," Vesey Fitz Gerald the non - Catholic M.P. seeing which way the wind was blowing, "withdrew" from the poll altogether, and Daniel O Connell was "declared elected" and although he was at first "also declared illegal" as a Catholic under British Law, he would "eventually" be successful becoming the M.P. there until 1830 AD. This "successful" immediate action would later finally lead on to the beginnings of Catholic Emancipation, but at this time although elected he would still "not be allowed" under British Law to take up his "rightful democratic" place in the Westminster Parliament, simply because he was a Catholic. Another "stranglehold" that had been imposed on all the Catholic voters, was that they were "disallowed from voting" in the election unless they produced "written evidence," that they had taken the "Oath of Allegiance" to George 1V the German Hanoverian King of Britain. Despite these illegalities under British Law, the "vast celebrations" that were now brought on by the success of Daniel O Connell - the Liberator in this instance broke out "all over Ireland," which further "alarmed" the Ascendancy British Imperial Conservative Tory Government who were now under the leadership of Sir Arthur Wellesley / Wellington who was a hard line anti - Catholic. Although "all of the Catholics in the British Isles and Ireland" were "denied" the right to represent or be represented in the British Westminster Parliament, Daniel O Connell - the Liberator would eventually become the "first" Catholic M.P. elected to there and would later also be "elected" to represent, not only Co. Clare, but also Co. Waterford, Co. Kerry and Co. Cork, which were all in the Munster Province, and also for Co. Dublin in the north - east of Southern Leinster. Daniel O Connell - the Liberator would also become the "first" Irish Catholic Lord Mayor of Dublin, since the time of total Ascendancy control after James 11 the last Catholic Stuart King of England. 

      The Catholic Association in Ireland, were to eventually raise 45,400 pounds towards the cause of Catholic Emancipation, and the Conservative British and Anglo Ascendancy in Ireland was now finally on its way out, as Sir Arthur Wellesley / Wellington and Robert "Orange" Peel read the signs, and knew that the Ascendancy's "domination" was now in real trouble, and they were "forced" to approach George IV the German Hanoverian King of Britain, and advise him that it was going to be "Catholic Emancipation or Civil War," and he finally had to give in. A "Repealed Religious Test" and "Corporation Act" was then "passed" by the Ascendancy's British Westminster Parliament.

     William Smith - O Brien, the Anglo - Irish non - Catholic M.P. and Land Lord, who was born at Dromoland Castle in Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province, who was also a direct descendent of *105. Brian Boru who had been the Heberian Dal gCais 175th High King of Ireland, had previously graduated from Cambridge in England and he had then been admitted to the bar and subsequently "elected" to the Ascendancy Parliament at Westminster also and had previously alternated the Ennis Borough in Co. Clare with Vesey Fitz Gerald, and he now let it be known "publicly" that he was a "member" also of the Catholic Association. 

     John Henry Newman, at this time was the Ascendancy Church of England Vicar of St. Mary's at Oxford in England, but he too would eventually play a major role in Catholic "education" in Ireland, when he would later become a Catholic.

   The Abbots from Cong Abbey in Co. Mayo in the mid - west of the Connacht Province despite the ongoing "religious oppression" in Ireland had continued to live there still, to attempt to guard the lovely embellished "Cross of Cong," which was then to be given to the parish church, and eventually create a great controversy later on.  

   Joseph Gillis Biggar was born this year who was a non - Catholic from Belfast in Co. Antrim in the north - east of the Ulster Province who was to grow up to be a great Irish Nationalist, until his death in 1890 AD after becoming a Catholic in 1877 AD.

   This year 19 people were "drowned" at Annaghdown to the north of Galway on the eastern side of Lower Loch Corrib after their boat "sunk" while carrying them and their sheep to a fair at Galway in the Connacht Province and the renowned harpist "Blind" Raftery / Ua Raeachtaire would write a "lament" to their memory as he was also from a Co. Mayo Sept there.

1829 AD The Catholic Emancipation / Relief Act, was finally passed in the Ascendancy British Westminster Parliament to remove the remaining effects of the "Irish Penal Laws," but "only" for the "upper and middle" classes in Ireland. (The Irish National Anthem at this time was still "O Paddy Dear / The Wearing of the Green.)"

February: George IV, the German Hanoverian British King, made a speech "confirming" that Catholic Relief / Emancipation Act would be introduced into the Ascendancy Westminster Parliament in the future, which was now due to the previous ongoing persistance of Daniel O Connell - the Liberator and his many "supporters" throughout Ireland.

March: The Catholic Relief  / Emancipation Bill was "introduced" into the Ascendancy Westminster House of Commons, where it was "passed" for all Catholics not only in Ireland but also in the "United Kingdom," and the Catholic Irish Penal Laws were also "repealed," on which Edmund Burke the Anglo - Irish Statesman who had been educated at a Quaker school, who was a non - Catholic, but whose mother and wife were Catholics, had previously commented, "A machine, as well fitted for the oppression, impoverishment and degradation of a people and the debasement in them of human nature itself, as ever proceeded from the perverted ingenuity of man."

April: During the debate on introducing Catholic Emancipation in the Ascendancy Conservative "unelected" controlled British House of Lords, Lord John Beresford, who was the Ascendancy Church of England Archbishop of Armagh in the south - east of the Ulster Province, and the "richest" man in Ireland, "opposed" the Bill on the grounds that, "It would encourage the Catholics if they gained this right to gain other rights" while Sir Arthur Wellesley / Wellington told them once again that it was either, "Catholic Emancipation or Civil War."

     The Catholic Relief Bill, received Royal Assent, and all of the Catholics in the "British Isles" and Ireland were now eligible for all offices of state, except for British Regent, British Lord Lieutenant and Lord Chancellor of Britain, with the reorganization of the Oath taking away the religious "Supremacy" as a condition, which was replaced by a denial of the Pope to hold civil authority, with no intention of subverting the Ascendancy Established Church of England. A further great overall side effect of all of this, was that the English, Welsh and Scottish Catholics, who were still hanging in there, being 1 in every 14 of the British population, were to also receive their Emancipation, and were finally allowed to enter their own British Parliament in England with the right to hold civil and military offices. This particular most important "reform" of all had now been secured just by the previous election of Daniel O Connell - the Liberator in Ireland, who was then "re - elected legally" under British Law, for the seat in Co. Clare, and with this common democratic right now being "legal" under British Law, he then began immediately his "campaign" for the "Repeal of the Immoral Union," and for further "reforms" in Ireland, and he also took on the continuing imposition of the "enforced" Ascendancy Church of England "Tithes" on the "majority" Catholic Irish, and the other non - Conformist Dissenters there in Ireland.   

     Sir Robert "Orange" Peel, the British Imperial Tory appointed Home Secretary in Ireland, now wanted a re - organized and neutral Irish Police Force, but this was "opposed" in the Westminster Parliament, and in a desperate further backward bid to save the Land Lords, and pay back those who had been previously involved in "securing" Catholic Emancipation, he now "got rid" of the 40/- shilling / 2 pound "voters," by "raising" their right to "vote" fivefold to Ten pounds, which naturally "excluded" the "poorer tenants" in Ireland, and as he had intended, the number of Irish Catholics, who were now eligible to vote, dropped from 216,000 to only 37,000. Also in anticipation of circumventing any problems over this, Lord Anglesly the British Imperial Tory appointed Lord Lieutenant in Ireland, was given powers to "suppress" all new Irish Associations, and Sir Robert ""Orange" Peel, also "banned and dissolved" the successful Irish Catholic Association run by Daniel O Connell - the Liberato, but despite this public office was now open to Catholics if they took an "Oath of Allegiance" to George 1V the British German Hanoverian King. The oppressive "Tithes" to the Ascendancy Church of England remained, and were still an "unacceptable burden" and a source of discontent on the "whole population" in Ireland, while the "Ribbon Society" was also founded who were "against" the previously imposed "Immoral Union," but although Catholic Emancipation had now been finally passed in the British Isles," public office" still remained a non - Catholic monopoly, but the Catholic "middle class" was now "increasing," and Catholic churches were now finally "allowed" to also have "steeples and towers," and Catholics were even "allowed" now to have 2 story houses. The "result" of obtaining some of these "normal common valid rights" for the Catholics in Ireland, was to "frighten" those Presbyterians, who were still involved in a "siege mentality" state, that they would now be "outnumbered" by their previous allies who were in reality the "majority" of the population in Ireland, the Irish Catholics. This was to allow the Conservative Ascendancy to continue to use this "deep - seated mind - set" to their own "advantage" many more times from now on, whenever the "opportunity" was to arise, to suite their individual agendas, and would "cause a great loss of human life," and further untold human misery in the future in Ireland.

    The Catholic Rent of the Catholic Association was now termed the "O Connell Tribute," but his political association with the "Whigs" in the Westminster Parliament while trying to gain more "reform," if they should eventually get iback into the Westminster Government in Britain, "did not sit too well" with the population in Ireland, and this began to effect his "personal" prestige, and the result of this was that the "income" from this source was to slowly "dwindle away" to almost nothing over the years that lie ahead. 

     Thomas Francis Meagher's father, who was a merchant, descended from the 85.Cian, and who was also in the Catholic Association was elected the " first" Catholic Mayor of Waterford in Co. Waterford in the south - east of the Munster Province, and eventually he was also to sit in the British Westminster House of Commons in 1833 AD and he sent his son, Thomas Francis Meagher / Maher to be educated by the Jesuits at Clongowes Wood in Co. Kildare in Central Southern Leinster who would later grow up to play a part in both "Irish and American" history.

     The Doneraile Conspiracy, occurred this year in Co. Cork in Southern Munster, with 4 alleged attempts on the "Landed Gentry" there, where they lived in fear of the response of their "tenants," but the charges were "not proven," but there was a packed Court held, and the "tenants" there were "condemned to death" in "batches" until they were all to be saved by Daniel O Connell - the Liberator from being "hanged," who after finding out about the dilemma rode all through the night from his home in Derrynane in Co. Kerry to represent them.

      Also by now many of the Land Lords who held confiscated Estates in Ireland, were having "economic Encumbrance" problems due to the economic "oppression" by the "merchants" in the British Westminster Parliament, and many of them also due to their previous wasteful way of life, with one particular example of this being, Lord Audley who by now owed 25,000 pounds, which was more then his confiscated Estates were actually worth at Skibbereen and Skull in Co. Cork in Southern Munster. 

   J.J. Callinan, the poet, who was born in 1795 AD died this year.

1830 The "Tithe Wars," were to begin to occur from now on until 1838 AD, that were to start initially in Graigue in Co. Kilkenny in the south - west of Southern Leinster, against the continuing "imposition" of the Ascendancy Church of England / Ireland enforced "Tithes" on all of the "tenants' " crops and any other property such as their "potatoes, pig or cow."

   The population in Ireland had also nearly "doubled" during the previous 100 years, with the biggest increase occurring since 1780 AD, with National schools and workhouses being constructed in the towns of Ennis, Kilrush, Scariff and Ennistymon, and another later on at Tulla, with all of these in Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province, and there was also a severe outbreak of "Cholera" this year, and during the 10 years that lay ahead the "potato crop" was to "fail" in 8 of them, and a further 200,000 people from Ireland were to "migrate" to live in Liverpool in England to try and survive up until 1835 AD, as the fares to there were to be "cheaper" during that period.  

     The General Elections were held for the British Westminster Parliament in England, and among these were 30 M.P.s for "Repeal of the Immoral Union," and because of this Daniel O Connell - the Liberator was to give his support to Earl / Charles Grey who was to be the newly elected "Whig" Imperial Prime Minister in England until 1834 AD, to try and bring about further "reform" in Ireland, and from now on until then, he was also to continue to hold "mass rallies" in support of "reform" in Ireland, until he was to finally achieve a massive 750,000 crowd at Tara in Co. Meath in the north - east of Northern Leinster, which "rightened the hell" out of the Conservative Establishment. One of his supporters, Thomas Wyse, was now to be the elected M.P. for Co. Tipperary in the north - east of the Munster Province until 1832 AD, while another M.P. William Plunkett, who had continued to support Catholic Emancipation after the death of Henry Grattan, was appointed the British Lord Chancellor in Ireland by the British Whig Government, and Stanley the English Earl of Derby was appointed the British Whig Chief Secretary in Ireland until 1833 AD.   

     "Rural violence" by the "tenants" was increasing over the ongoing continuing payment of the "Enforced Tithes" to the Ascendancy Church of England / Ireland, which had previously begun in Southern Leinster, and spread throughout Ireland, while the Catholic Irish were still continuing to struggle to gain any further "reforms" in Ireland, and the new British imperial Whig Government also tried to "intervene" in the "Enforced Tithe" collection, while the "Land Lords" and the "tenants" in Ireland on their confiscated Estates were still also in "conflict" over the enormous "increased" rents, which only continued to bring about further "evictions, murders," and the usual "hangings" that followed on from this. The "Whiteboys" and the "Cork Boys," were also still active on behalf of the "tenant farmers," while the "Enforced Tithes" to the Ascendancy Church of England / Ireland was also upsetting the Presbyterian Society, as the Dublin Castle's R.I.C. police and the British Imperial  Military forces were being used by the British Imperial Whig Dublin Castle (The Devil's 1/2 Acre)  authorities to "collect" these loathsome Tithes during the "Tithe Wars."

     Millions of pounds of the "rent" money that was collected from the "tenant farmers" in Ireland, was continued to be "sent and spent" in England by the "Absentee - Landlords," and their "empty" Mansions were everywhere, while their "agent's" also collected their "commissions," which were amounts made up of any "extra" money that they could squeeze out of the Land Lords' "tenants" also and this was to prompt Daniel O Connell '- the Liberator to try and introduce further "radical" legislation into the British Westminster Parliament in England to bring "an end" to all of these particular problems.  

     The "Orange Order," which had been previously "left untouched," when the Catholic Association was "banned," as their Grand Master was the Duke of Cumberland, who was a brother to George 1V the German Hanoverian British King and they too were now also "banned," as they had grown "so cocky" as to try to replace William IV who was the new German Hanoverian British King, with their own hardline anti - Catholic the Duke of Cambridge.

   William IV, the German Hanoverian British King, was to donate animals to the newly opened Dublin Zoo, which is now the "second" oldest Zoo in the World.

    This year also at Bunmahon in Co. Waterford in the south - east of the Munster Province, a Gaelic College was opened to "save" the Irish language.

   The Trappist monks had arrived from France, and settled on the slopes of Mount Mellaray at Knockmealdown also in Co. Waterford after being driven out of their own country at La Trappe near Orme in Normandy, by the latest French "Revolution."

    Lucius Smith - O Brien who was now the non - Catholic Lord Inchiquin, who was heavily into horse racing, named Newmarket on the River Fergus, in anticipation of introducing the sport there, and had also built Dromoland Castle near the Mooghaun Fort site, further north off the Ennis road in Co. Clare in the north - west of Munster. (He was a brother to William Smith - O Brien the M.P. who had supported Catholic Emancipation. )

   Phil Sheridan / Ua Sirideain, who was from a Literary Family who had been an Erenagh Sept in Co. Longford in the north - west of Northern Leinster, who was later on to become the Commander - in - Chief of the "American Army" was born this year, 5 mile north - east of Virginia in Co. Cavan in Southern Ulster.

   The parish priest at the Cong Church in Co. Mayo in the mid - west of the Connacht Province, sold the "Cross of Cong" for 100 pounds to Professor Mac Cullagh to obtain enough funds to repair the church, who then gave it to the National Museum in Dublin were it still is, and later on another parish priest from the Cong Church removed the Cross of Cong from Dublin, to return it to its rightful place, but it was eventually retrieved and returned to Dublin. 

   Achill Island, the largest island off of the Irish coast, composed of over 36,000 acres in Co. Mayo in the mid - west of the Connacht Province, was leased by The Church Missionary Society this year, who founded schools there using the Irish language, in a further attempt to "convert" the Irish Catholics there on the island, to become non - Catholics.

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