1856 - 1860 AD

                                                                                                                              The Fenian Brotherhood -  Land Lord's Encumbered Estates Bailed Out

1856 AD John O Mahony, the previous leader of the "United Irishmen Society," who was now in America also, founded the "Fenian Brotherhood / Clann na Gael, while his ally James Stephens had returned to Ireland from France, where he had seen the positive results of the French Revolution on the general population there, and  deciding to walk 3,000 mile throughout Ireland to also gauge the "feelings" of the  general population of Ireland, and he did not see any sign of any hope for a similar mass Revolutionary Uprising occurring at this time in Ireland as the population in Ireland was by now just thankful to be still alive.

      After the long devastation of the "Great Famine" on the population in Ireland, Whatley the Ascendancy Episcopalian Church of England Bishop, "proposed" to use the new National Schools to "wipe out" all traces of any chance of Irish National traditions, and the children who knew only the Irish language were given an "English" teacher who in their curriculum mentioned Ireland only "twice," and that it was "conquered by Henry 11," and then taken over under the "Immoral Union" when it was supposed to become part of the British United Kingdom.      

     Whitely Stokes, was to publish his first Irish work a year after the Irish historian Eugene O Curry, "died," and by now the Irish population had suffered much for nearly 700 years under the "ethnic, religious and economic repression" of the Angevins, the Tudors, the Stuarts and their "confiscations," Oliver Cromwell, their Ascendancies, their "annihilation tactics," their numerous "foreign non - Catholic plantations," their "English / British Imperial Parliaments," their "Immoral Union," their "German monarchs" and their "hangers on," their "Pensioners" and the consecutuve British Imperial Conservative Governments who had all continued to show no real signs of any "Humanity," which was to turn out to be their "trademark" all over the British Empire. They had all tried hard to ensure that the "decree" of Elizabeth 1st was fulfilled so that, "No Irishmen was to ever know his Grandfather." Despite this the Irish "mind" had not given in as yet, with men like John O Donovan who continued to follow on from Michael O Cleary's work, The Annals of Ulster - of the 4 Masters, who not only added to it, but included an Irish "dictionary," so that "future generations" would continue to have knowledge of their "Irish Celtic Gaelic Culture," their "Irish History" and their "Irish Heritage," despite the previous 700 years of all of their greedy ongoing attempts to obliterate these completely.. 

     John Redmond, who would become the future "leader" of the "Irish Parliamentary Party" was born this year in Ballytrent in Co. Wexford in the south - east of Southern Leinster, who would try and do his bit also for Ireland, but unfortunately leave behind him much unfinished business.  

    William Smith - O Brien, who had also made a strong stand for "reform" in Ireland, for which he had been "arrested," "imprisoned" and "transported" to Australia, was "pardoned" after further pressure from his "influential "Anglo family, and had returned to Ireland from Australia and was to be a much wiser man now.

   Father Theobold Mathew, died this year, who had also did more then his share to bring some stability back into the lives of the "depressed and abandoned" families in Ireland, through his Temperance League who had been able to convince half  of the adult population in Ireland to take the "pledge." 

   The University Catholic Church was constructed at St. Stephen's Green in Dublin. 

   Dr. Daniel Moriarty, became the Catholic Bishop of Kerry, in the south - west of the Munster Province and was to remain in that position until 1877 AD. 

   278 people from Co. Clare, in the north - west of the Munster Province, "migrated" this year to Victoria in Australia, mainly into the Ballarat and Bendigo region,while another 206 also "migrated" from Co. Tipperary and 223 from the Leinster Province.

July 26th: George Bernard Shaw, the playwright and sociologist, was born in Synge Street in Dublin.

     Oscar Fingall O Flaherty - Wilde, who was educated at Trinity College and Oxford, was also born in West and Row in Dublin.

    Thomas Wyse (The wise man) had been "knighted" by the British Imperial Government for his previous public service.  

    The "Treaty of Paris," finally brought to an end the Crimean War,

1857 AD Tom Clarke, who would become known as the "Old Republican," was born this year on the Isle of Wight, and in the future he would be the one to keep "alive" the ongoing spirit of the "Irish Republic," by setting up a venue in Dublin City to promote "Irish Republicanism," which would lead on to the eventual "Proclamation for Irish Freedom," which he too was also to "sign" in the forthcoming "1916 Irish Easter Uprising" that would cuminate eventually in the return of 26 of the 32 Counties of Ireland in 1922.

     Michael Davitt, who would become a "real standout" in Irish History, who was now only 11 years of age, was to lose an "arm," while working in a Cotton Mill in Lancashire in England, and he would grow up to become the definite  "founder" of the "Irish Land League" to bring about "Irish Tenant Rights," by the means of anti - British boycotts, for the return of Irish "land" to the people of Ireland.

   Daniel O Connell  - the Liberator,  a monument created by John Hogan, was erected in O Connell Street, Limerick in Co. Limerick in the north - west of the Munster Province. 

July: The Communication Cable that was begun to being "laid" from America to Ireland, turned out to be a "failure" at this time.

     The Encumbered Estates Act, had been passed in 1849 AD, by the British Westminster Parliament to bring about "relief" to the encumbered Land Lords, and by now over 3,000 confiscated Land Lord Estates in Ireland had been "sold up" to this date to 7,200 new "purchasers," of which only 300 were from England or Scotland, and of the 20,000,000 Pounds paid out to secure them, only 3,000,000 was to be paid by "speculators" who nevertheless were to "increase" their "rents" even more, which was to only "add" to the agricultural and "rural strife" in Ireland.

   Patrick O Kennedy from the Heberian Dal gCais Ui Bloid Ui Turlough Sept who was the Bishop of Killaloe in Co. Clare in the north - west of the Munster Province, died. 

   Lord Palmerston / Henry Temple, the Anglo Land Lord and British Imperial Liberal Prime Minister, was "defeated" in the Westminster Parliament and called an "election," and was returned with a "majority."

1858 AD The British Imperial Liberal Government's Dublin Castle (The Devi'll's 1/2 Acre) authorities fearing all things Gaelic, "suppressed" the Irish periodical known as "The Light" that had been established by the Phoenix National Literary Society, which had been set up by Jeremiah O Donovan of Rossa who had been born at Rosscarbery in Co. Cork in Southern Munster, where in the future the actual Light of Ireland in the form of her greatest son in Michael Collins, was to be snuffed out.           

     John O Mahony, the "founder" of the "United Irishmen," who was now in New York, had "translated" Father Geoffrey Keating's, "History of Ireland" from the Gaelic, and he was by now impressed by the strong "Irish Nationalist" feeling occurring in America so he suggested to his compatriot James Stephens that he should "return" to Ireland and found an "association" for "Irish Independence," as he was now sure of "strong support" from the "Fenian Brotherhood / The Organization," which he himself had just "founded" in America, as in America they were able to operate "democratically and openly" and the "Irish Movement" there too was then also to be known by this name,

March 17th: The " Fianna / Fenian Brotherhood," later to be known as the "Irish Republican Brotherhood / I.R.B / The Organization," was founded based on the "Fenians / Fianna Warriors" by James Stephens and Michael Doheny in Dublin where they took an "Oath" that was created by Thomas Clarke Luby, which firmly stated that, "In the presence of God, to renounce all allegiance to the Queen of England, and to take arms and fight at a moments warning to make Ireland an "Independent Democratic Republic," and to yield implicit obedience to the commanders and superiors of their secret society." They were joined by Jeremiah O Donovan of Rossa, and for security reasons decided to form "Circles / Centres" of only 9 men plus a leader, to guard against the British "informers," as under this method only the "leader" of a "Circle" would know who the actual leader of another Circle was, and they spent the next 2 years swearing in other I.R.B. members, with the intention to eventually drive the British Imperial Government out of Ireland by "force" if necessary and as soon as possible, driven on by their goal to bring about eventual "Irish Freedom" and "Independence," which was much more then an actual "Republic" and James Stephens, was to demand the overall control of the "military" part of "The Organization" in Ireland.

      William Smith - O Brien who it seemed had by now learnt a British lesson was back in Ireland now and he wrote for "The Nation" newspaper, advising one and all "not to join" any of the the "Secret Societies," while "The Irish People" newspaper, on the other hand, continued to "attack" the Irish Catholic Bishops who "opposed" the formation of "Secret Societies in Ireland.

June 25th: The Communication Cable, in the Atlantic Ocean was laid again to Ireland and re - connected, but it too also failed.

    Benjamin D'Israeli the English Earl of Derby was now in again as the leader of the British Imperial Conservative Government until 1859 AD, and he continued the same amount of taxation on Ireland to keep it in line with Great Britain, as William Gladstone had done previously.

    The British Imperial Conservative Governments had also been dealing with their "other conflicts" throughout the World, including the "Crimean War," and the "Indian Mutiny," which never left much awareness of the problems that continued to exist in Ireland, which was Ironic, for at this time the British Imperial Conservative Government was also pushing the cause of"Italy's" right for "Independence," which caused the "Irish Nationalists" to enquire why they did not do the same for Ireland and the Government of "India" was now also taken over by the British Imperial Government and Lord Canning was created their Viceroy in India.

August 5th: The Communication Cable, from America, was finally joined "successfully" and working, and on August 18th: the first Trans - Atlantic message was received on Valentia Island in Ireland off the coast of Co. Kerry in the south - west of the Munster Province, although it still continued to fail many times after this, due to the cable constantly "breaking."    

      St. Saviours Catholic Dominican Church was built in Dublin.   

    John Hogan who was one of Ireland's most notable "sculptors" who had been born at Tallow in Co. Waterford in the south - east of the Munster Province, died.  

1859 AD There where now 87 Irish M.P.s, who were still Land Lords, of which 65 of them controlled 2,000 acres or more each, while the "Irish Tenant`s Rights League" was now virtually "extinct," and one of these Land - Lord M.P.'s was Henry Temple / Lord Palmerston who was a non - Catholic "Absentee Land Lord," who had previously been the British Imperia Prime Minister whose family had held their confiscated Estates in Ireland since 1602 AD, but he too "refused" to help his "tenants" and their families in Ireland, and he was now to once again become the British Imperial Prime Minister  from 1860 AD until 1865 AD.   

     The argument put forward previously and constantly by the British Imperial Conservative Government under Benjamin D' Israeli / Lord Derby on the "Italian" Question for self - determination for Italy, was once again mooted, and this gave hope to the "Constitutional Nationalists" in Ireland, who put forward a "petition" containing 500,000 Irish signatures to the German Hanoverian British Queen Victoria, seeking the same deal for Ireland, but as usual nothing was done, and the population in Ireland were only pushed further towards the "Fenians," which it seemed, once again, was the "only way" to obtain "reform" that the British Imperial Conservative Government under the "mmoral Union" would allow any type of progress in Ireland.  

    23,000,000 pounds had been paid out by now to "buy" back the Land Lord's Encumbered Estates in Ireland that were by now mostly purchased by new English and Scottish Land Lords.

    The "Irish Nationalist," Jeremiah O Donovan of Rossa, was "imprisoned" this year by the British Imperial Government's Dublin Castle (The Devills 1/2 Acre)  authorities.

    The "Fenian Brotherhood / The Organization" was "officially" set up now in America. 

   John O Leary, also contributed to the Fenian paper "The Phoenix."  

   A "Round Tower" was erected by Sir Gerald Aylmer on the Hill of Allen / Cnoc Almhaine in Co. Kildare in Central Southern Leinster, which had been one of the previous 3 ancient fortresses of the Kings of Leinster, and also of 83.Finn Mac Coole the Heremonian Cu Corb Fianna Warrior leader, with Nass and Dun Aillinne being the other two, and it was from here also, that 83.Finn mac Coole had sent his son, 84.Oisin to Tara to *85.Cormac mac Airt the 115th King of Tara / Ireland, to seek the hand of his daughter, 86.Grainne, after 84.Oisin had suggested her to him, as he was depressed at the time as he had no wife.

1859 AD - 1864 AD once again this period brought about terrible "Depression Years" in Ireland and Henry Temple / Lord Palmerston the "Absentee Land Lord" who cared little for his "tenants" in Ireland was returned as the Liberal British Imperial Prime Minister until 1865 AD.    

1860 AD The first of two "Irish Westminster Reform Bills" was passed finally, giving the "tenants" in Ireland "compensation" for certain types of "improvements" previously carried out by them on their Land Lord's holdings at their "expense," but only if the Land Lord had given his previous approval, while the second Bill was brought forward by Richard Deasy the British Liberal Attorney - General in Ireland, which once again "only supported" the Land Lord's cause, as it introduced a process by which they could "repossess" the land from the "tenant" if there was a prior agreement with the "tenant," to which the "tenant" basically had no say anyway if he wanted the lease. This measure was to further "increase" the hostility and discontent among the "tenant farmers" in the rural areas, and another 400,000 acres of "agricultural" land was to be also replaced by "grazing" up to 1870 AD, while the industries on the other hand, which were situated at Belfast in Co. Antrim in the north - east of the Ulster Province continued to remain "economically" viable.

      Charles Joseph Kickham who had been born at Mullinahone in Co. Tipperary in the north - east of the Munster Province was to join the "Fenian Organization," and there were now many Irish men of "military" expirience "returning" home to Ireland from America after the "Civil War" there, adding further "trained" recruits to the cause of bringing about "Irish Freedom" from the British Imperial Government and their "Immoral Union" ovrall control.

    The Irish "Labour" leaders in England, at this time, were John Doherty, Bronterre O Brien and Fergus O Connor.  

   Daniel Moriarty the Catholic Bishop of Kerry, invited 3 Belgian Franciscan friars to come to Ireland to re - establish the Franciscan friary there in Co. Kerry in the south - west of Munster, were prior to the "religious persecutions" in Ireland, they had previously been situated at Muckross / Muc Ros (The Peninsular of the Pigs).  

  Clonalis House, situated half a mile mile west of Castlerea on the road to Castlebar in Co. Mayo in the Connacht Province was to be the final home of the previous leading aristocratic warrior branch of the O Connors from the Heremonian Ui Cobhthaigh Dal Cuinn Ui Briuin Siol Muireadhaigh Ui Conchobair Sept.

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